GRE孙远的工具箱教育类.docx

GRE孙远的工具箱教育类.docx

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GRE孙远的工具箱教育类

No.1孙远的工具箱（教育类）

前两天看见有同志说新书里没有写作工具箱的，恰好有一本原来的版本，恰好本人在假期里练打字，就把孙老师工具箱里的黑体字笔记了一下，想用的就拿去吧，先贴一部分，要是大家都有了就不再贴了。

黑体字部分都有，还摘抄了一部分有用的句子。

Issue

教育类

1.Proverbs

Theprimaryofaliberaleducationistomakeone’smindapleasantplaceinwhichtospendone’stime.

Nextinimportanceistofreedomandjusticeispopulareducation,withoutwhichneitherfreedomnorjusticecanbepermanentlymaintained.

Education’spurposeistoreplaceanemptymindwithanopenone.

Itisthepurposeofeducationtohelpusbecomeautonomous,creative,inquiringpeoplewhohavethewillandtheintelligencetocreateourowndestiny.

Themostimportantfunctionofeducationatanylevelistodevelopthepersonalityoftheindividualandthesignificanceofhislifetohimselfandtoothers.Thisisthebasicarchitectureofalife;therestistoornamentationanddecorationofthestructure.

Theessenceofoureffortistoseethateverychildhasachancemustbetoassureeachanopportunity,nottobecomeequal,butbecometodifferent-torealizewhateveruniquepotentialofabody,andspiritheorshepossesses.

Ifyoucanreadanddon’t,youareanilliteratebychoice.

教育的目的

Throughoutthenationandhistory,ithasemphasizedpubliceducationasameansoftransmittingdemocraticvalues,creatingequalityofopportunityandpreparingnewgenerationsofcitizensinsociety.

Theschool’sjobistoenhancethenaturaldevelopmentofthegrowingchild,ratherthantopourinformation.

Lifeskills---logicalthinking,analysis,creativeproblemsolving.

Theactualcontentoflessonsissecondarytotheprogress,whichissupposedtotrainthechildtobeabletohandlewhateverlifemaypresentincludingalltheunknownsofthefuture.Studentsandteachersbothregardpurememorizationasuncreativeandvulgar.

Schoolchildrenhaveagreatdealoffreetime,whichtheyareencouragedtofillwithextracurricularactivities,thatsupposedtoinculcatesuchqualitiesasleadership,sportsmanship,abilitytoorganize,etc.

Educationshouldaimatimprovementofbothone’smoralsandfaculties.

Madisononcewrotethat,thecompeting,balancinginterestsofadiversepeoplecanhelpensurethesurvivalofliberty.ButtherearevaluesthatallAmericancitizenssharethatweshouldwantallstudentstoknowandtomaketheirown:

honesty,fairness,self-discipline,fidelitytotask,friends,andfamily,personalresponsibility,loveofacountry,andbeliefintheprinciplesofliberty,equality,andthefreedomtopracticeone’sfaith.

Honesty:

AbeLincolnwalkingthreemilestoreturnsixcents

Courage:

Aesop’sshepherdboywhocriedwolf

Persistence:

civilwar

Respectthelaw:

Socrates---ImustsubmittothedecreeofAthens

Asanyparentknows,teachingcharacterisadifficulttask.Butitisacrucialtask,becausewewantourchildrentobenotonlyhealthy,happy,andsuccessful,butdecentstrongandgood.Noneofthesehappensautomatically;thereisnogenetictransmissionofvirtue..Ittakescarefulattention.

Iseefourkindsofpressureworkingoncollegestudentstoday:

economicpressure,parentalpressure,peerpressure,andself-inducedpressure.

Theintellectualfacultiesdevelopedbystudyingsubjectslikehistoryandclassics–anabilitytosynthesizeandrelate,toweighcauseandeffect,toseeeventsinperspective—arejustthefacultiesthatmakecreativeleadersinbusinessoralmostanygeneralfield.

Ultimatelyitwillbethestudents’ownbusinesstobreakthecirclesinwhichtheyaretrapped.Theyaretooyoungtobetheprisonersoftheirparents’dreamsandtheclassmates’fears.Theymustbejoltintobelievinginthemselvesasuniquemenandwomenwhohavethepowertoshapetheirownfuture.

Collegeshouldbeopen-ended:

attheenditshouldopenmany,manyroads.

Thereisnoone“rightway”togetahead—thateachofthemisadifferentperson,startingfromadifferentpoint,andboundforadifferentdestination.

成功和失败

Mostpeopleconsidersuccessandfailureasopposite,buttheyareactuallybothproductsofthesameprocess.Asabaseballplayersuggests,anactivitywhichproduceahitmayalsoproduceamiss.Itisthesamewithcreativethinking;thesameenergywhichgeneratesgoodcreativeideasalsoproduceserrors.

Ifyoulearnthatfailingevenalittlepenalizesyou,youlearnnottomalemistakes.Andmoreimportant,youlearnnottoputyourselfinsituationswhereyoumightfall.Thisleadsyoutoconservativethoughtpatternsdesignedtoavoidthestigmaoursocietyputson“failure”.

Mostofushavelearnednottomakemistakesinpublic.Asaresult,weremoveourselvesfrommanylearningexperienceforthoseoccurringinthemostprivateofcircumstances.

Fromthepracticalpointofview,“toerroriswrong”makessense.Oursurvivalintheeverydayworldrequiresustoperformthousandsofsmalltaskswithoutfailure.Thinkaboutit:

youwouldn’tlastlongifyouweretostepoutinfrontoftrafficorstickyourhandintoapotofboilingwater.Inaddition,engineerswhosebridgescollapse,stockbrokerswholosemoneyfortheirclients,andcopywriterswhoseadcampaignsdecreasesaleswon’tkeeptheirjobsverylong.

Nevertheless,toogreatanadherencetothebelief“toerriswrong”cangreatlyundermineyourattemptstogeneratenewideas.Ifyouaremoreconcernedwithproducingrightanswersthangeneratingoriginalideas,youwillprobablymakeuncriticaluseoftherules,formulae,andproceduresusedtoobtainthesesrightanswers.Bydoingthis,you’llby-passthegerminalphaseofthecreativeprocess,andthusspendlittletimetestingassumptions,challengingtherules,askingwhat-ifquestions,orjustplayingaroundwiththeproblem.Allofthesetechniqueswillproducesomeincorrectanswers,butinthegerminalphase,theseerrorsareviewedasnecessaryby-productofcreativethinking.Astheplayerwouldputit,“Ifyouwantthehits,bepreparedforthemisses.”Thatisthewaythegameoflifegoes.

Asamatteroffact,thewholehistoryofdiscoveryisfilledwithpeoplewhousederroneousassumptionsandfailedideasassteppingatonestonewideas.ColumbusthoughthewasfindingashorterroutetoIndia.JohannesKeplerstumbledontotheideaofinterplanetarygravitybecauseofassumptionswhichwererightforthewrongreasons.And,ThomasEdisonknew1800waysnottobuildalightbulb.

Errorsserveanotherusefulpurpose:

theytelluswhentochangedirections.Negativefeedbackmeansthatthecurrentapproachisnotworking,anditisuptoyoutofigureoutanewone.Welearnbytrailanderror,notbytrialandrightness.Ifwedothingscorrectlyeverytime,weshouldneverhavetochangedirections—we’djustcontinuethecurrentcourseandendupwithmorethesame.

Yourerrorrateinanyactivityisafunctionofyourfamiliaritywiththeactivity.Ifyouaredoingthingsthatareroutineandhaveahighlikelihoodofcorrectness,thenyouwillprobablymakingveryfewerrors.Butifyouaredoingthingsthathavenoprecedenceinyourexperienceoraretryingdifferentapproaches,thenyouwillbemakingyourshareofmistakes.Innovatorsmaynotbatathousand—farfromit—buttheydogetnewideas.

ThomasJ.Watson,thefounderofIBM,hassimilarwords:

“thewaytosucceedistodoubleyourfailurerate.

Errors,attheveryleast,areasignthatwearedivergingfromthemainroadtoandtryingdifferentapproaches.

Thereareplaceswhereerrorsareinappropriate,butthegerminalphaseofthecreativeprocessisn’toneofthem.Errorsareasignthatyouaredivergingfromthewell-traveledpath.Ifyouarenotfailingeverynowandthen,it’sasignyouarenotbeingveryinnovative.

Ifyoumakeanerror,useitasasteppingatonetoanewideayoumightnothaveotherwisediscovered.

Differentiatebetweenerrorsof“commission”andthoseof“omission”.Thelattercanbemorecostlythantheformer.Ifyou‘renotmakinganyerrors,youmightaskyourself,“HowmanyopportunitiesamImissingbynotbeingmoreaggressive?

”

Strengthenyour“riskmuscle”.Everyonehasone,butyouhavetoexerciseitorelseitwillatrophy.Makeitapointtotakeatleastoneriskevery24hours.’

Rememberthesetwobenefitsoffailure.First,ifyoudofail,youlearnwhatdoesnotwork;andsecond,thefailuregivesyouanopportunitytotryanewapproach.

教育类

Liberalartteachesyouhowtothink,howtoread,write,andspeakintelligently,getalongwithothers,andconceptualizeproblems.

Growingranksofcorporateexecutivesarelamentingthatcollegestudentsarespecializingtoomuchandtooearly.WhatcorporateAmericareallyneedsisstudentssoundlygroundedintheliberalarts—English,especially---whothencanpickupmorespecificbusinessortechnicalskillsonthejob.Today’sbestsellingcoursesofferevidencethatstudentswanttotakecoursesthatprovidedirectjobrelatedskillsratherthanthemostbasicsurvivalskillsintheworkplace:

communicationsandthinkingskills.

Educationforeducation’ssakeisnoblebutimpracticaltotoday’scollegestudentwhoisfacingacompetitiveandrapidlychangingjobmarket.

Adaptabilityandlifelonglearningarethecornerstonesofsuccessintoday’scomplexandrapidlychangingsociety.Nolongercanthepersonwhoissteepedinoneacademicdiscipline,butknowsnothingaboutanythingelse,meettoday’sdemands.

Thetimehascometorethinkwhateducationreallyisandhowitrelatestothefunctionsofsociety.Perhapswhataliberaleducationdoestoanindividual,whichismoreimportantthananythingelse,istopreparehimformorelearning.Theliberalartsbackgroundequipsonewiththinkingskills,coupledwiththedesiretolearn,arethebestpreparationforcareerandlifethatanyofuscanpossess.

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