美国文化期末考试整理.docx

美国文化期末考试整理.docx

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美国文化期末考试整理

BUILDINGBLOCK4——Control

Destinyiswhatdecidesyourlife.

1.Whatisdestiny?

Destinyiswhat

youmakeofyourlife.

InternaControl

ExternalControl

2.

3.Whatisdestiny?

Whatisdestiny?

External

Internal

Definition:

Controlisoutsidetheindividual.Somethingsinlifearepredetermined,builtintothenatureofthings.Therearelimitsbeyondwhichonecannotgoandcertaingivensthatcannotbechangedandmustbeaccepted.Yoursuccessisacombinationofyoureffortandyourgoodfortune（goodluck）.Lifeisaboutwhathappenstoyou.

Definition:

Controlisinsidetheindividual.Thereareveryfewcertaintiesinlife,fewcircumstanceswhichcannotbechanged.Therearenolimitsonwhatyoucandoorbecome,solongasyoubelieveitandtryhard.Yoursuccessisyourownachievement.Youareresponsibleforwhathappenstoyou.Lifeisaboutwhatyoudo.

AmericanProverbsoftheDay:

“Fortunefavorsthebold.”

“OnlyinAmerica”:

EasterApril20,2014

firstSundayafter

thefirstfullmoonofspring

Secular:

somethingthathasnothingtodowithreligion.

Sacred:

Somethingthathastodowithreligion.

Jesus:

Livedfrom3-36AD

Christiansbelieve-Threedaysafterhisdeath,hecamealiveagainonaSunday-Hetaughtforfortymoredays,thenwentupintoheaven

-Religiousteacher-Histeachingswerenewandpopular-ClaimedtobeequalwithGod

-Thegovernmentwasafraidofhispopularityandwasworriedhemightcausearevolution

-Theyorderedthathebekilledbycrucifixion

EasterTraditions=Secular

1.Goingtochurch

2.EasterEggs

3.EasterBunny:

AstheChiefEasterBunny,itwashisjobtohidealltheeggsforalltheEasteregghuntsaroundtheworld.复活节兔子

4.EasterEggHunt

5.EasterMeal

ExamplesofAmericanInternalControl

LarrySwilling（为妻子寻找合适的肾）

1.）WhatiswrongwithLarry’swife?

Whyisthisdifficultforthem?

2.）Whatdoeshechoosetodotohelphiswife?

Whydidhedothis?

3.）Whathappened?

Washesuccessful?

4.）HowisthisanexampleofInternalControl?

JimValvano（篮球教练）

1.）Whatthreethingsdoeshesayyoushoulddoeveryday?

2.）Howdoeshesayyoucanbesuccessful?

3.）WhatdidJimValvanodecidetodowiththeremainingtimeinhislife?

4.）HowisthisanexampleofInternalControl?

JanneKouri（冲浪撞到沙堤，下半身瘫痪，靠恢复训练）

InternalControlinAmericanMovies

橄榄球教练

1.）Thecoachkeepstalkingabout“inches.”Whatdoeshemean?

2.）Whatdoeshebelievehisteamneedstodotobesuccessful?

3.）HowisthisanexampleofInternalControl?

1.）HowdoesRocky’ssonfeelabouthimfightingagain?

2.）HowdoesRockydescribelife?

3.）Whatishisadviceforhisson?

4.）HowisthisanexampleofInternalControl?

AmericanProverboftheDay:

“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,try,tryagain.”

Point:

Nevergiveup.It’sokayifyoufeeldiscouragedbecauseyoufailthefirstfewtimesyoutrytoachievesomething.Thekeyistokeeptryingagainandagainuntilyouaresuccessful.

ExtraProverb:

“Winnersneverquit,andquittersneverwin.”

BUILDINGBLOCK5————Communication

1Opinions绕弯还是直接2.conflict

3

、

AmericanProverboftheDay:

“Don’tbeataroundthebush.”

Point:

Don’ttalkaroundandaroundwhatyou’rereallywantingtosay.Speakplainlyandclearly.Beingindirecttakestoomuchtime,effort,andpotentialformisunderstanding,andthereforeisnotefficient.

Counterpoint:

“Readbetweenthelines.”Totrulyunderstandsomething,youhavetogetinformationwhereitisnotobvious.

“OnlyinAmerica”：

Politics

PoliticalStructure

ThreePowers:

1.）ExecutiveBranch

--President,VicePresident

2.）LegislativeBranch

--Congress（Senate,HouseofRepresentatives）

3.）JudicialBranch

--SupremeCourt,lowerFederalCourts

PoliticalParties

ExamplesofAmericanDirectCommunication

Overstatements：

Americanstendtorelyonhyperbole,extremestatementsexpressingsomethingasverygoodorverybad,inmuchoftheircommunication.Thisisespeciallytrueamongteenagers.

WhenspeakingwithAmericans,itiswisetorememberthisrealityandadjustyourexpectations.

ConflictResolution：

Americantendtobelievethatifaconflictexistsbetweentwopeople,thebestwaytosolveitistogetbothpeopletogetherandspeakopenlyanddirectlyaboutwhytheyareupset.

Variousbooksgivestrategiesonthebestwaytohandlethis,butthegeneralideaistoconfronttheproblembeforeitgetsworse.

Signs：

InAmerica,signsareeverywhere.Mostofthesesignsareconcerningrulesandregulationsfortraffic,buttheideaisthatpeopleshouldbeinformedaboutwhatisandisnotallowedinagivensituation.

Unfortunately,insomesituationsthesesignscanconflictandbecomesconfusing.

DTR：

WhenmenandwomenbegindatinginAmerica,atsomepointintheprocesstheymusthavetheDTR,whichmeans“definetherelationship.”

Thisiswhentheywillspeakopenlyanddirectlyabouthowtheyfeelaboutoneanotherandiftheywanttobegindating“officially,”whichmeanstheyareboyfriendandgirlfriendandcannotdateanyoneelse.

Student-TeacherInteraction：

InAmericaneducation,itisexpectedthatstudentswillactivelyparticipateinlectures.Thismeanstheywillregularlyraisetheirhandstoaskquestions,clarifyideas,makestatements,andchallengetheteacher.

Ifstudentsdon’tspeakduringateacher’slecture,itmeanstheydonotcareaboutthematerialordonotrespecttheteacher.

InformationOverload

BecauseAmericansaresoobsessedwithinformation,theysometimessufferfrom“informationoverload.”Thismeansthattheyhavereceivedsomuchinformationaboutatopic,whichisoftencontradictory,thattheydon’tknowwhattothinkorbelieve.

Asmallexampleisshoppingforaproductonline.Someofthereviewsmaystateitasbothawonderfulandterribleproduct.Whocanyoubelieve?

MakingExcuses

Whenrefusinganinvitation,itisexpectedthatyouwillgiveclearanddirectinformationtoexplainwhyyoucannotdowhatthepersonhasasked.

Thisoftencreatesauncomfortablesituationwhereapersonmustcreateorlieaboutanexcusebecause,intruth,theyreallyjustdon’tlikethepersonorthesituationanddon’twanttogo.Butsaying“Idon’twanttogo”isconsideredtoodirectandrude.

TabooTopics

EventhoughAmericansaremuchmoredirectthanChinese,theyarestillindirectaboutsometopics.WhenspeakingwithAmericans,youshouldbecarefultoavoidsubjectsthataretabooinAmericanculture.Americansmayfeelitisembarrassingorrudetotalkaboutthesethingsopenlyanddirectly.

Someofthesetopicsinclude:

money,appearance,race,sexualpreference,andstereotypes.

MonochronicValuesinAmericanMovies

AmericanProverboftheDay:

“Giveittomestraight.”

Point:

Thisphrasingcomesfromcooking,whichmeanstoserveadishwithnoextraspices,flavors,orsauces.ItmeansIwanttoeatitplain.Asaproverb,itmeanstospeakdirectly,withnoqualificationsoruncleardistractions.

Counterpoint:

“Ifyoucan’tsayanythingnice,don’tsayanythingitall.”Thisproverbisusuallytaughttochildren,teachingthemthattheyshouldn’tcriticizeothersandshouldfocusonpeople’spositivequalities.

BUILDINGBLOCK6————Authority

1.Greetings

Highpowerdistanceculturesoftengreetwithatypeofbow.Therearerulesaboutwhattypeofbowisrequiredofeachpersonbasedontheirstatusandimportance.Inmanyoccasionsbothpartieswillbowtoshowrespect.

Lowpowerdistanceculturesrelymoreonthehandshake.Thisgesturecomesfromanancienttraditiontoshowthatyouhavenoweaponsonyouandcomeinpeace.Still,somepeoplecansqueezethehandharderthanotherstoshowpowerandauthority.

nJapan,forexample,howfaryoubowisanindicationofyourstatuswiththepersonyouarebowingtoward.

2.Education

HighPowerDistance

Emphasisonwisdomwhichistransferredinrelationshiptoateacher（guru）

Theroleofateacherearnsautomaticrespectofhis/herstudents

Teacher-centerededucation（highvalueonorder）

Studentsexpectteachertoinitiatecommunication

Studentsexpectteachertooutlinepathstofollow

Studentsspeakupinclassonlywheninvitedbytheteacher

Teacherisnevercontradictednorpubliclycriticized

Effectivenessoflearningrelatedtoexcellenceofteacher

Respectforteachersisalsoshownoutsideclass

Inteacher/studentconflict,parentsareexpectedtosidewiththeteacher

Olderteachersaremorerespectedthanyoungerteachers

LowPowerDistance

Emphasisontruththatcanbelearnedfromprinciplesandideas

Ateachershouldrespecttheindependenceofhis/herstudents

Student-centerededucation（premiumoninitiative）

Teacherexpectsstudentstoinitiatecommunication

Teacherexpectsstudentstofindtheirownpaths

Studentsmayspeakupspontaneouslyinclass

Studentsallowedtocontradictorcriticizeteacher

Learningrelatedtoamountoftwo-waycommunicationinclass

Outsideclass,teachersaretreatedasequals

Inteacher/studentconflicts,parentsareexpectedtosidewiththestudent

Youngerteachersaremorelikedthanolderteachers

3.Politics

Inhighpowerdistancecultures,politicalleadersareexpectedtoinstilconfidenceintheirpeoplebyshowingstrongauthorityandstrictrule.Thisisbelievedtocreatestabilityandpeaceinthecountry.

Inlowpowerdistancecultures,politicalleadersareexpectedtoinstilconfidenceintheirpeoplebyshowingthemselvestobehumbleandequaltoothers.Thisisbelievedtoproducecreativityandinitiativeinthecountry.

4.Parenting

Parentsinlowpowerdistanceculturesaregenerallylessstrictwiththeirchildren.Theybelievethatthroughgivingchildrenspacetobecometheirownperson,theywillhavethefreedomt