Building Dwelling Thinking.docx

Building Dwelling Thinking.docx

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BuildingDwellingThinking

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BuildingDwellingThinking

ByMartinHeidegger

FromPoetry,Language,Thought,translatedbyAlbertHofstadter,HarperColophonBooks,NewYork,1971.

Inwhatfollowsweshalltrytothinkaboutdwellingandbuilding.Thisthinkingaboutbuildingdoesnotpresumetodiscoverarchitecturalideas,letalonetogiverulesforbuilding.Thisventureinthoughtdoesnotviewbuildingasanartorasatechniqueofconstruction;ratherittracesbuildingbackintothatdomaintowhicheverythingthatisbelongs.Weask:

1.Whatisittodwell?

2.Howdoesbuildingbelongtodwelling?

I

Weattaintodwelling,soitseems,onlybymeansofbuilding.Thelatter,building,hastheformer,dwelling,asitsgoal.Still,noteverybuildingisadwelling.Bridgesandhangars,stadiumsandpowerstationsarebuildingsbutnotdwellings;railwaystationsandhighways,damsandmarkethallsarebuilt,buttheyarenotdwellingplaces.Evenso,thesebuildingsareinthedomainofourdwelling.Thatdomainextendsoverthesebuildingsandyetisnotlimitedtothedwellingplace.Thetruckdriverisathomeonthehighway,buthedoesnothavehisshelterthere;theworkingwomanisathomeinthespinningmill,butdoesnothaveherdwellingplacethere;thechiefengineerisathomeinthepowerstation,buthedoesnotdwellthere.Thesebuildingshouseman.Heinhabitsthemandyetdoesnotdwellinthem,whentodwellmeansmerelythatwetakeshelterinthem.Intoday'shousingshortageeventhismuchisreassuringandtothegood;residentialbuildingsdoindeedprovideshelter;today'shousesmayevenbewellplanned,easytokeep,attractivelycheap,opentoair,light,andsun,but-dothehousesinthemselvesholdanyguaranteethatdwellingoccursinthem?

Yetthosebuildingsthatarenotdwellingplacesremaininturndeterminedbydwellinginsofarastheyserveman'sdwelling.Thusdwellingwouldinanycasebetheendthatpresidesoverallbuilding.Dwellingandbuildingarerelatedasendandmeans.However,aslongasthisisallwehaveinmind,wetakedwellingandbuildingastwoseparateactivities,anideathathassomethingcorrectinit.Yetatthesametimebythemeans-endschemaweblockourviewoftheessentialrelations.Forbuildingisnotmerelyameansandawaytowarddwelling-tobuildisinitselfalreadytodwell.Whotellsusthis?

Whogivesusastandardatallbywhichwecantakethemeasureofthenatureofdwellingandbuilding?

Itislanguagethattellsusaboutthenatureofathing,providedthatwerespectlanguage'sownnature.Inthemeantime,tobesure,thereragesroundtheearthanunbridledyetclevertalking,writing,andbroadcastingofspokenwords.Manactsasthoughheweretheshaperandmasteroflanguage,whileinfactlanguageremainsthe

masterofman.Perhapsitisbeforeallelseman'ssubversionofthisrelationofdominancethatdriveshisnatureintoalienation.Thatweretainaconcernforcareinspeakingisalltothegood,butitisofnohelptousaslongaslanguagestillservesuseventhenonlyasameansofexpression.Amongalltheappealsthatwehumanbeings,onourpart,canhelptobevoiced,languageisthehighestandeverywherethefirst.What,then,doesBauen,building,mean?

TheOldEnglishandHighGermanwordforbuilding,buan,meanstodwell.Thissignifies:

toremain,tostayinaplace.Therealmeaningoftheverbbauen,namely,todwell,hasbeenlosttous.ButacoverttraceofithasbeenpreservedintheGermanwordNachbar,neighbor.TheneighborisinOldEnglishtheneahgehur;neah,near,andgebur,dweller.TheNachbaristheNachgebur,theNachgebauer,thenear-dweller,hewhodwellsnearby.Theverbsburi,büren,beuren,beuron,allsignifydwelling,theabode,theplaceofdwelling.Nowtobesuretheoldwordbuannotonlytellsusthatbauen,tobuild,isreallytodwell;italsogivesusaclueastohowwehavetothinkaboutthedwellingitsignifies.Whenwespeakofdwellingweusuallythinkofanactivitythatmanperformsalongsidemanyotheractivities.Weworkhereanddwellthere.Wedonotmerelydwell-thatwouldbevirtualinactivity-wepracticeaprofession,wedobusiness,wetravelandlodgeontheway,nowhere,nowthere.Bauenoriginallymeanstodwell.Wherethewordbauenstillspeaksinitsoriginalsenseitalsosayshowfarthenatureofdwellingreaches.Thatis,bauen,buan.bhu,beoareourwordbinintheversions:

ichbin,Iam,dubist,youare,theimperativeformbis,be.Whatthendoesichbinmean?

Theoldwordbauen,towhichthebinbelongs,answers:

ichbin,dubistmean:

Idwell,youdwell.ThewayinwhichyouareandIam,themannerinwhichwehumansareontheearth,isBuan,dwelling.Tobeahumanbeingmeanstobeontheearthasamortal.itmeanstodwell.Theoldwordbauen,whichsaysthatmanisinsofarashedwells,thiswordbarrenhoweveralsomeansatthesametimetocherishandprotect,topreserveandcarefor,specificallytotillthesoil,tocultivatethevine.Suchbuildingonlytakescare-ittendsthegrowththatripensintoitsfruitofitsownaccord.Buildinginthesenseofpreservingandnurturingisnotmakinganything.Shipbuildingandtemple-building,ontheotherhand,doinacertainwaymaketheirownworks.Herebuilding,incontrastwithcultivating,isaconstructing.Bothmodesofbuilding-buildingascultivating,Latincolere,cultura,andbuildingastheraisingupofedifices,aedificare-arecomprisedwithingenuinebuilding,thatis,dwelling.Buildingasdwelling,thatis,asbeingontheearth,however,remainsforman'severydayexperiencethatwhichisfromtheoutset"habitual"-weinhabitit,asourlanguagesayssobeautifully:

itistheGewohnte.Forthisreasonitrecedesbehindthemanifoldwaysinwhichdwellingisaccomplished,theactivitiesofcultivationandconstruction.Theseactivitieslaterclaimthenameofbauen,building,andwithitthefactofbuilding,exclusivelyforthemselves.Therealsenseofbauen,namelydwelling,fallsintooblivion.Atfirstsightthiseventlooksasthoughitwerenomorethanachangeofmeaningofmereterms.Intruth,however,somethingdecisiveisconcealedinit,namely,dwellingisnotexperiencedasman'sbeing;dwellingisneverthoughtofasthebasiccharacterofhumanbeing.

Thatlanguageinawayretractstherealmeaningofthewordbauen,whichisdwelling,isevidenceoftheprimalnatureofthesemeanings;forwiththeessentialwordsoflanguage,theirtruemeaningeasilyfallsintooblivioninfavorofforegroundmeanings.Manhashardlyyetponderedthemysteryofthisprocess.Languagewithdrawsfrommanitssimpleandhighspeech.Butitsprimalcalldoesnottherebybecomeincapableofspeech;itmerelyfallssilent.Man,though,failstoheedthissilence.Butifwelistentowhatlanguagesaysinthewordbauenwehearthreethings:

1.Buildingisreallydwelling.2.Dwellingisthemannerinwhichmortalsareontheearth.3.Buildingasdwellingunfoldsintothebuildingthatcultivatesgrowingthingsandthebuildingthaterectsbuildings.Ifwegivethoughttothisthreefoldfact,weobtainaclueandnotethefollowing:

aslongaswedonotbearinmindthatallbuildingisinitselfadwelling,wecannotevenadequatelyask,letaloneproperlydecide,whatthebuildingofbuildingsmightbeinitsnature.Wedonotdwellbecausewehavebuilt,butwebuildandhavebuiltbecausewedwell,thatis,becausewearedwellers.Butinwhatdoesthenatureofdwellingconsist?

Letuslistenoncemoretowhatlanguagesaystous.TheOldSaxonwuon,theGothicwunianliketheoldwordbauen,meantoremain,tostayinaplace.ButtheGothicwuniansaysmoredistinctlyhowthisremainingisexperienced.Wunianmeans:

tobeatpeace,tobebroughttopeace,toremaininpeace.Thewordforpeace,Friede,meansthefree,dasFrye,andfrymeans:

preservedfromharmanddanger,preservedfromsomething,safeguarded.Tofreereallymeanstospare.Thesparingitselfconsistsnotonlyinthefactthatwedonotharmtheonewhomwespare.Realsparingissomethingpositiveandtakesplacewhenweleavesomethingbeforehandinitsownnature,whenwereturnitspecificallytoitsbeing,whenwe"free"itintherealsenseofthewordintoapreserveofpeace.Todwell,tobesetatpeace,meanstoremainatpeacewithinthefreespherethatsafeguardseachthinginitsnature.Thefundamentalcharacterofdwellingisthissparingandpreserving.Itpervadesdwellinginitswholerange.Thatrangerevealsitselftousassoonaswereflectthathumanbeingconsistsindwellingand,indeed,dwellinginthesenseofthestayofmortalsontheearth.But"ontheearth"alreadymeans"underthesky."Bothofthesealsomean"remainingbeforethedivinities"andincludea"belongingtomen'sbeingwithoneanother."Byaprimalonenessthefour-earthandsky,divinitiesandmortals-belongtogetherinone.Earthistheservingbearer,blossomingandfruiting,spreadingoutinrockandwater,risingupintoplantandanimal.Whenwesayearth,wearealreadythinkingoftheotherthreealongwithit,butwegivenothoughttothesimpleonenessofthefour.Theskyisthevaultingpathofthesun,thecourseofthechanging,moon,thewanderingglitterofthestars,theyear'sseasonsandtheirchanges,thelightandduskofday,thegloomandglowofnight,theclemencyandinclemencyoftheweather,thedrifting

cloudsandbluedepthoftheether.Whenwesa