Lecture for Otc 12.docx

Lecture for Otc 12.docx

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LectureforOtc12

●AncientChinesePhilosophy—thesoulofChinesetraditionalculture

Confucianism

Ⅷ.ConfucianClassics

TheGreatLearning

ItisachapterfromtheClassicofRites.Itdealswithwayofgoverningtheworld.

TheDoctrineoftheMean

ItisanotherchapterfromtheClassicofRites.Thepurposeofthissmall,33-chapterbookistodemonstratetheusefulnessofagoldenwaytogainperfectvirtue.

TheAnalectsofConfucius

TheAnalectsofConfuciusarearecordofthewordsandactsofthecentralChinesethinkerandphilosopherConfuciusandhisdisciples,aswellasthediscussionstheyheld.

TheBookofMencius

ItisacollectionofanecdotesoftheConfucianthinkerandphilosopherMenciusandhisconversationswithkingsofhistime.

Taoism

PhilosophicalTaoism

Ⅰ.TheFounderofPhilosophicalTaoism

BiographyofLaozi（老子的生平）

ThefirstrecordofthebiographyofLaoziisfoundintheShiji,orRecordsoftheHistorian,bySimaQian.Withinthebiographyarethreestories.

①Storyone:

老子者，楚苦县厉乡曲仁里人也，姓李氏，名耳，字聃，周守藏室之史也。

—《史记·老子韩非列传》

周守藏室之史：

anarchivistorlibrarianatthecourtofZhou

LaozioriginatedfromtheQurenlineighborhoodofLiVillage,CountyofKu,intheStateofChu.HisfamilynamewasLiandhisgivennamewasEr;hewasstyledDan.Asanadult,hewasinchargeoftheroyalarchivesinZhou.

Names

LiEr（李耳）

BoYang（伯阳）

LiDan（李聃）

ElderDan（老聃）

SeniorLord（老君）

SeniorLordLi（李老君）

SeniorLordTaishang（太上老君）

TaoistLordLaoZi（老子道君）

SupremeMysteriousandPrimordialEmperor

（太上玄元皇帝）

②Storytwo:

孔子适周，将问礼于老子。

Once,ConfuciuswenttoZhouandconsultedwithLaozionritualmatters.

老子曰：

“良贾深藏若虚，君子盛德、容貌若愚。

去子之骄气与多欲，态色与淫志，是皆无益于子之身。

”

Laozi'sresponsewasacritiqueofConfucius'steachings. LaozitellsConfuciustogiveuphisstiffdeportmentandpridefulairs.

孔子去，谓弟子曰：

“鸟，吾知其能飞；鱼，吾知其能游；兽，吾知其能走。

走者可以为罔，游者可以为纶，飞者可以为矰。

至于龙吾不能知，其乘风云而上天。

吾今日见老子，其犹龙邪！

”

ConfuciusisreportedtohavepraisedLaozi’swisdomandtohavecomparedhimtoadragonwhoseabilitieswerebeyondhisunderstanding.

③Storythree:

老子修道德，其学以自隐无名为务。

居周之久，见周之衰，迺遂去。

至关，关令尹喜曰：

“子将隐矣，强为我著书。

”于是老子迺著书上下篇，言道德之意五千余言而去，莫知其所终。

LaozicultivatedDaoandDe.Inhisstudieshestrovetoconcealhimselfandbeunknown.HelivedinZhouforalongtime,butseeingitsdecline,hedecidedtoleave;whenhereachedthepass,thekeepersaidtohim,‘Sir,youareabouttoretire.Youmustmakeanefforttowriteusabook.’SoLaoziwroteabookintwopian（篇,volumes,parts）settingoutthemeaningoftheDaoandDeinsomefivethousandcharacters,andthenhedeparted.Nooneknewwherehewenttointheend.

Conclusion:

1.Hewasanarchivistorlibrarianattheroyalcourtof Zhou; 

2.HewasvisitedbyConfuciusandtalkedaboutrites;

3.Hepreachedtheretirementfromtheworld;

4.Heleftthecourt,wrotetheDaodejing,anddisappearedwithoutatrace.

Work:

Daodejing（TaoTeChing）

TheDaodejingistheclassictextofDaoism.ThiswasthefirstworkwithacomprehensivephilosophicalsysteminthehistoryofChinesephilosophy,expandingthescopeofman'sthinkingfromlifetotheuniverseasawhole.

Translation:

theClassicoftheWayandItsVirtue

Legendaryauthor:

ThebookisattributedtoLaozi,the

fatherofTaoism,sothebookis

alsocalledtheLaozi.

Originalpurposeofthebook:

—ahandbookforrulers

—areligiousguidebook

—apracticalguideforlivinginharmonywiththeuniverse

Thefeatureofthebook:

brevityanduseofanalogyandparadox（悖论）

e.g.

上善若水

将欲歙之，必故张之；将欲弱之，必故强之；将欲废之，必故兴之；将欲取之，必故与之。

Structureofthebook:

ItisashortbookofaboutfivethousandChinesecharactersconsistingoftwoparts:

—TheBookaboutTao:

chapters1-37withanemphasisonphilosophy.

—TheBookofTe:

chapters38-81withanemphasisonpoliticsandmilitaryaffairs.

Ⅱ.BeliefsofPhilosophicalTaoism

①Tao/Dao

Thefeaturesof“Tao”:

—Taoisundefinable,unlimited,andunnamable.

道可道，非常道;

名可名，非常名。

无名，天地之始;

有名，万物之母。

TheTaothatcanbetoldofisnottheeternalTao;

Thenamethatcanbenamedisnottheeternalname.

TheNamelessistheoriginofHeavenandEarth;

TheNamedisthemotherofallthings.

—Taoisthesourceoftheuniverseandmakesallthethingsintheuniverse.

有物混成，先天地生。

寂兮寥兮，独立而不改，

周行而不殆，可以为天地母。

吾不知其名，强字之曰道。

道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物。

Taoproducedtheone.

Theoneproducedthetwo.

Thetwoproducedthethree.

Andthethreeproducedthetenthousandthings.

②Wuwei

InDaodejing,WuweiisoneofthecharacteristicsoftheTao.

为学日益，为道日损。

损之又损，以至于无为。

无为而无不为。

取天下常以无事，

及其有事，不足以取天下。

—《道德经》第四十八章

Inthepursuitoflearning,everydaysomethingisacquired.

InthepursuitofTao,everydaysomethingisdropped.

Lessandlessisdone

Untilnon-actionisachieved.

Whennothingisdone,nothingisleftundone.

Theworldisruledbylettingthingstaketheircourse.

Itcannotberuledbyinterfering.

Wu-wei

Translation:

nonaction,inactionornondoing

“为无为，事无事，味无味。

”

—《道德经》第六十三章

Meaning:

Wu-weimeanstakingnoactionthatisnotnatural,thatisagainsttheoriginalnatureandwishesofthepeople.

Evaluation:

Wu-weiisastateofmindaswellasaprincipletowardslife.

WuweiisanimportantpoliticalviewduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod

ReligiousTaoism

Ⅰ.SectsofReligiousTaoism

•theCelestialMastersmovement（天师道）,alsoknownastheFivePiculesofRice（五斗米道）

•TaiPingTao（太平道）

•theCompleteRealitySect（全真教）

•theOrthodoxSect（正一教）

ReligiousTaoism（道教）:

AfamilyoforganizedChinesereligiousmovementsoriginatingfromtheCelestialMastersmovement（天师道）duringthelateHanDynastyandlaterincludingthe"Orthodox"（正一教）and"CompleteReality"sects（全真教）,whichclaimlineagesgoingbacktoLaoZi（老子）orZhangDaolinginthelateHanDynasty.

Ⅱ.BeginningofReligiousTaoism

FivePiculesofRice（五斗米道）

Background

Time:

EasternHanDynasty

Founder:

ZhangLing（张陵）

Originalname:

midao（米道）

Influence:

IthadgreatimpactonthethinkingoftheChinesepeople,aswellasonthepolitical,economicandculturallifeofthecountry.

Ⅲ.Gods/Goddesses

Citygodsortowngods（城隍）aredeitiesinChinesemythology,responsiblefortheaffairsofthecity.

Taoism

PhilosophicalTaoism

Ⅲ.Gods/Goddesses

Citygodsortowngods（城隍）aredeitiesinChinesemythology,responsiblefortheaffairsofthecity.

TuDiGong（土地公）,alsoknownasTuDi（土地）orTuGong（土公）,isanindigenousearthgodworshippedinChina.TuDiGongisportrayedasanelderlymanwithalongwhitebeard,ablackorgoldhatandaredoryellowrobe,whichsignifieshispositionasabureaucrat.Hecarriesawoodenstaffinhisrighthandandagoldeningot（金锭）ontheleft.

TheKitchenGod,namedZaoJun（灶君）orZaoShen（灶神）,isbelievedtobeinchargeofeveryhousehold’sfortuneandmisfortune.

Adoorgod（门神）isaChinesedecorationplacedoneachsideofanentrytoatemple,home,business,etc.,whichisbelievedtokeepevilspiritsfromentering.

TheThreeStars：

Fustarisgenerallydepictedinscholar'sdress,holdingascroll,onwhichissometimeswrittenthecharacter"Fu".Hemayalsobeseenholdingachild,orsurroundedbychildren.

Lustarisusuallydepictedinthedressofamandarin.

Shoustarisusuallyshownsmilingandfriendly,andhemaysometimesbecarryingapeach.

TheEightImmortals

“LiketheEightimmortalscrossingthesea,eachdisplayshis/herspecialprowess.”

ZhangGuolao：

anoldmanridingadonkey,carryingtwodrumsticks

HanZhongli：

afatmanwithhisbarebellyshowing,alwayscarryingafanandsometimesapeach

HanXiangzi：

ahappyimmortalthatisalwaysseenplayingaflute

HeXiangu：

OneoftwofemaleImmortals,carryingwithheramagicallotusflower.

LanCaihe：

thesecondwomanamongsttheImmortals,wearingatatteredbluegownandonlyoneshoewithabasketofflowersinhand

LiTieguai：

alamebeggarcarryingagourd

LuDongbing：

uponhisbackhewearsamagicswordandinhishandhecarriesaflybrush

CaoGuojiu：

wearingformalcourtdressandcarryingcastanets

Ⅳ.Beliefs

Yin-yang

Definition:

InChinesephilosophy,theconceptofyin-yangisusedtodescribethetwocomplementaryforcesorprinciplesthatmakeupallaspectsandphenomenaoflife.Togethertheyexpresstheinterdependenceofopposites.

Yin-yangTheory

●Yin-yangareopposing（阴阳的对立制约）

Yinandyangdescribetheopposingqualitiesinphenomena.

●Yin-yangaremutuallyrooted（阴阳的互根依存）

Yinandyangaretwocomplementaryqualities.

●Yin-yangmutuallytransform（阴阳的相互转化）

Themaximumeffectofonequalitywillbefollowedbythetransitiontowardtheopposingquality.Thisisaprocessofqualitativechange.

●Yin-yangmutuallywaxandwane（阴阳的消长平衡）

TheYinandyangaspectsareindynamicbalance.Thisisaprocessofquantitativechange.

Wuxing“五行”

Definition:

Wuxingisasystemoffivephasesusedfordescribinginteractionsandrelationshipsbetweenphenomena.

Therelationshipbetweenthefiveelements:

TheGeneratingCycle

WoodfeedsFire;

FirecreatesEarth;

EarthbearsMetal;

MetalcarriesWater;

WaternourishesWood.

TheOvercomingCycle

WoodpartsEarth;

EarthabsorbsWater;

WaterquenchesFire;

FiremeltsMetal;

MetalchopsWood.

Bagua“八卦”

Definition:

TheBagua（八卦）areeighttrigramsusedtorepresentarangeofinterrelatedconcepts.Eachconsistsofthreelines,eacheither"broken"or"unbroken,"representingayinlineorayangline,respectively.Duetotheirtripartitestructure,theyareoftenreferredtoas"trigrams"inEnglish.

SourcesofBagua

●"Fuxi"bagua（伏羲八卦）or"EarlierHeaven"（先天八卦）

无极生有极、有极是太极、

太极生两仪、即阴阳;

两仪生四象:

即少阴、太阴、少阳、太阳

四象演八卦、八八六十四卦

TheLimitless（Wuji）producesthedelimited,andthisistheAbsolute（Taiji）.

TheTaijiproducestwofo