高中英语语法精讲.docx
《高中英语语法精讲.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《高中英语语法精讲.docx(28页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
高中英语语法精讲
简单句的构成
五种类型
1、S+ViThesunrisesintheeast.Thefirehappenedatnight.
2、S+Vt+OIloveyou.HecanspeakEnglish.
3、S+Vt+OI+ODOurteachertoldusastory.Myparentsboughtmeabikeyesterday.
4、S+系动词+PThefoodisverydelicious.Mysisterisbeautiful.
5、S+Vt+O+O.CIfindhimakindman.Keepthechildrenquiet,please.
从句的构成
体验:
宾语从句
定义:
作句子宾语的从句。
a.Iknowher.b.wheredoesshelive?
Iknowwhereshelives.
一、定语从句
Themanismyfather’sfriend.Theoldmanismyfather’sfriend.
a.Themanismyfather’sfriend.b.Themanisstandingunderthetree.
Themanwhoisstandingunderthetreeismyfather’sfriend.
Ilikethebookswhich____(be)interesting.
关系代词
1.whowhomwhose
先行词指人,在定语从句中作主语,用who,不可省略;在定语从句中作宾语,用who或whom,可以省略。
YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway.
Theman(whowhom)youmetjustnowismyfriend.
Whose可以指人也可以指物,指物时whose+n可用the+n+of+which或of+which+the+n来代替。
Mr.King,whoselegswerehurt,wastakentothehospital.
Iwanttobuythecoatwhosecolor(thecolorofwhich/ofwhichthecolor)isthelightest.
2.which
指物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.
Thefilm(which)wesawyesterdaywasveryinteresting.
下列情况只能用which。
A.非限制性定语从句
B.关系代词前有介词
ThisistheroominwhichIlivedwhenIwasyoung.
3.that
既可以指人又可以指物。
在从句中作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语和表语时可以省略。
Theman(that/who/whom)youmetattheairportisafamousactor.
下列情况只能用that.
A.先行词被最高级、序数词修饰。
Thefirstplace(that)theyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
B.先行词被theonly,thevery,any,few,little,no,all,oneof等修饰。
Thisistheverygooddictionary(that)Iwanttobuy.
C.先行词为all,much,little,none,few,one,everything,nothing,something,anything等不定代词时。
Wemayagreetosomething(that)wedon’tagreewith.
D.先行词中既有人又有物。
Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
E.作表语。
Myhometownisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.
F.当主句主语是which或who时。
WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
G.主句是therebe句型时。
Therearetwoletters(that)Ihavetoreplyto.
4.as
当先行词被thesame,as,such,so等修饰时。
He’llrepeatsuchpointsasarediscussedinthebook..Itissuchafinedaythatmanypeoplegooutforawalk.
Youcanwaitformeatthesameplaceaswedid.
It’sthesamebookasIboughtyesterday.It’sthesamebookthatIborrowedfromMr.Li.
这和我昨天买的书是一样的。
这就是我借的李先生的那本书。
There’ssowarmahouseaswewanttolivein.
5.介词+关系代词
关系代词指人时只能用whom,指物时只能用which。
Sheisrightpersononwhomtodepend.
ThisisthecompanyinwhichIusedtowork.
Luckily,wehadboughtaroadmapwithoutwhichwewouldhavelostourway.
介词选择的依据:
A.根据从句中的固定搭配而定
B.根据先行词与从句中的动词关系而定。
C.根据句意。
复杂介词:
asaresultof,atthebackof,becauseof,bymeansof,infrontof,incaseof,onaccountof等。
关系副词
1.when
在从句中作时间状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的词。
此时常可以由inwhich,onwhich,atwhich,duringwhich等结构取代。
Ishallneverforgetthedayswhenweworkedonthefarm.
2.where
在从句中作地点状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示地点的词。
此时常可以由inwhich,onwhich,atwhich,towhich等取代。
Keepthebooksinaplacewhereyoucanfindthemeasily.
3.why
在从句中作原因状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的词。
可以用forwhich代替。
Isthisthereasonwhy/forwhichsherefusedouroffer?
注意:
Theplace()attractedalotoftouristshasbeenpollutedseriously.
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的辨析
1.形式不同
非限制性定语从句与先行词之间通常有逗号,而限制性定语从句与先行词则无逗号。
Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmouth.这是我们上月买的那栋房子。
Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这栋房子很漂亮,是我们上月买的。
2.功能不同
限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,是先行词不可缺少的定语,而非限制性定语从句对先行词只起进一步补充说明作用,若把它去掉,全句意思仍然清楚。
Thegirlwhostoodinthecornerjustnowismyyoungersister.
MarrySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstoseeyou.
3.含义不同
IntheclasstherearetenstudentswhospeakEnglishwell.(暗指班上不只是十个学生。
)
Intheclasstherearetenstudents,whospeakEnglishwell.(表明班上只有十个学生。
)
4.先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个的名词,非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是整个句子。
Mikesoldthehouse,whichmadehisfatherveryangry.
非限制定语从句中的五个不能。
1.通常不能用that引导。
2.不能用why引导,要用forwhich代替why。
IhadtoldthemthereasonwhyIdidn’tattendthemeeting.
Ihadtoldthemthereason,forwhichIdidn’tattendthemeeting.
3.非限制性定语从句置于句首时,不能用which引导。
可用as。
AsIexpected,hedidn’tbelieveme.
Theearth,asweknow,movesroundthesun.
TaiwanispartofChina,asisknowntoall.
4.指人的关系代词作宾语时,只能用whom,不能用who替换,也不能省略。
DoyouknowTom,whomwetalkabout?
注意:
定语从句中的主谓一致
Jeffisoneofthestudentswho_________(be)awarded.
Jeffistheonlyoneofthestudentswho_______(be)awarded.
高考真题
1.AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown_______hegrewupasachild.
A.whichB.thatC.whereD.when
2.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,_________personallyIdoubtverymuch.
A.itB.thatC.whenD.which
3.Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyoftheroleintheplay,________,ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.
A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what
4.________isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.
A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What
5.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome________Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-wayvillage.
A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where
6.IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5:
30p.m.,_________manypeoplehavegothome.
A.whosetimeB.thatC.onwhichD.bywhich
7.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,________ofgreatimportancetoscience.
A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitis
C.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkis
8.HewasveryrudetotheCustomsOfficer,________ofcoursemadethingsevenworse.
A.whoB.whomC.whatD.which
9.RecentlyIboughtanancientChinesevase,________________wasveryreasonable.
A.whichpriceB.thepriceofwhich
C.itspriceD.thepriceofwhose
10.Itwasanexcitingmomentforthesefootballfansthisyear,___________forthefirsttimeinyearstheirteamwontheWorldCup.
A.thatB.whileC.whichD.when
11.HaveyouseenthefilmTitanic,___________leadingactorisworldfamous?
A.itsB.it’sC.whoseD.which
12.Johnsaidhehadbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,__________wastrue.
A.heB.thisC.whichD.who
13.Isthisthereason_____________atthemeetingforhiscarelessnessinhiswork?
A.heexplainedB.whatheexplained
C.howheexplainedD.whyheexplained
14.Thefamousbasketballer,____________triedtomakeacomeback,attractedalotofattention.
A.whereB.whenC.whichD.who
15.Wearelivinginanage_________manythingsaredoneoncomputer.
A.whichB.thatC.whoseD.when
16.NewYork,__________lastyear,isaniceoldcity.
A.thatIvisitedB.whichIvisited
C.whereIvisitedD.inwhichIvisited
17.Luckily,wehadboughtaroadmapwithout________wewouldhavelostourway.
A.itB.thatC.thisD.which
18.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%_________aresoldabroad.
A.ofwhichB.whichofC.ofthemD.ofthat
19.Therearetwobuildings,___________standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.
A.thelargerB.thelargerofthem
C.thelargeronethatD.thelargerofwhich
20.TheEnglishplay_____________mystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.
A.forwhichB.atwhichC.inwhichD.onwhich
时态
一、一般现在时
IusuallystudyEnglishonweekends.SheusuallystudiesEnglishonweekends.
二、现在进行时
IamstudyingEnglishnow.SheisstudyingEnglishnow.TheyarestudyingEnglishnow.
三、现在完成时
IhavestudiedEnglishfortenyears.ShehasstudiedEnglishsinceshewaseightyearsold.
四、现在完成进行时
IhavebeenstudyingEnglishallday.ShehasbeenstudyingEnglishallday.
五、一般将来时
IwillstudyEnglishtomorrow.IamgoingtostudyEnglishtomorrow.
IamtostudyEnglishbeforeIwatchTV.IamabouttostudyEnglish.
六、将来进行时
Atthistimetomorrow,IwillbestudyingEnglish.
七、一般过去式
IstudiedEnglish2yearsago.
八、过去进行时
IwasstudyingEnglishwhenyouarrived.TheywerestudyingEnglishwhenyouarrived.
九、过去完成时
Bytheyearof2012,IhadalreadystudiedEnglishfor9years.
一十、过去将来时
ShetoldmeshewouldstudyEnglishharder.
动词的时态
1.现在时的各种形式
(1)一般现在时
A.一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作,或经常存在的状态。
常与always,everytime,often,sometimes,usually等连用。
Thismachinedoesn’twork,ithasn’tworkedforyears.
B.在条件状语从句中,遵循“主将从现”原则,但要注意由if引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”但不表示时态。
Ifitrainstomorrow,we’llputoffthebasketballmatch.
Ifyouwillacceptmyinvitationandcometomyparty,myfamilywillbepleased.
C.表示将来已经是“列入日程”的事件,尤其是谈到计划和时间的时候,用一般现在时。
Lookatthetimetable.Hurryup!
Flight4026takesoffat18:
20.
D.表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)
Waterboilsat100℃.
Ourgeographyteachersaidthatthemoontravelsaroundthesun.
E.表示现在存在的状态
Herecomesthebus.Theregoesthebell.
F.书报的标题、小说情节介绍、影视的背景介绍说明等常用一般现在时。
LabourCutsDealsWithInvestors.削减劳力,应对投资者。
(2)现在进行时
A.表示说话时正在发生一个动作,表示近期特定的安排或计划。
Iamwritingaletternow.
Heispreparingfortheexam.
WeareleavingonFriday.
B.与always,often,forever等副词连用,表示说话人对主语行为的一种感情(赞扬或厌恶)。
Sheisalwaystalkinginclass.
LeiFengwasalwaysthinkingofothers.
(3)现在完成时
A.表示从过去某一个时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态,这种动作或状态对现在的情况有影响,也许还会持续下去。
常与for,since,sofar,uptonow等词连用。
HehaslivedinAmericasince1960.
注意:
1.瞬间动词die,buy,borrow等不能与for连用。
Shehasbeendeadfor3years.
Hehashadthisbighousefor10years.
Ihavekeptthisbookfromtheschoollibraryforaweek.
2.since引导的从句中如果是延续性动词,则表示这一行为的终止,如果是瞬间动词,则表示这一行为的开始。
It’sweekssinceIfellill.我生病好几周了。
(fallill是瞬间动词,表示这一行为的开始)
It’sweekssinceIwasill.我病好了已经好几周了。
(beill表示一种状态,是持续的,表示这一行为的终止)
B.现在完成时可以用在条件状语从句中,代替将来完成时。
IshallposttheletterassoonasIhavewrittenit.
我一写完信就把它寄走。
C.下列句型中常用现在完成时
Itis/hasbeen+段时间+since从句
This/That/Itisthefirst/second…timethat+完成时
This/That/Itistheonly…+that+完成时
Th