哈工大考博英语真题Word文档格式.docx

哈工大考博英语真题Word文档格式.docx

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Manylargeareasthathavetraditionallybeenclassifiedasforestlanddon’tqualifyas―frontier‖becauseofhumaninfluencessuchasfiresuppressionandapatchworkoflogging.―There’ssurprisinglylittleintactforestleft,‖saysresearchassociateDirkBryant,theprincipalauthorofthereportthataccompaniesthenewmap.

Inthereport,Bryant,DanielNielsen,andLauraTangleydividetheworldintofourgroups:

76countriesthathavelostalloftheirfrontierforest;

11nationsthatare―ontheedge‖;

28countrieswith―notmuchtime‖;

andonlyeight----includingCanada,Russia,andBrazil-----thatstillhavea―greatopportunity‖tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:

Inthelower48states,saysBryant,―greatopportunity‖tokeepmostoftheiroriginalforest.TheUnitedStatesisamongthenationssaidtoberunningoutoftime:

Inthelower48states,saysBryant,―only1percentoftheforestthatwasoncethereasfrontierforestqualifiestoday.‖

Loggingposesthebiggestsinglethreattoremainingfrontierforests.―Ourresultssuggestthat70percentoffrontierforestsunderthreatarethreatenedbylogging,‖saysBryant.Thepracticeofcuttingtimberalsocreatesroadsthatcauseerosionandopentheforesttohunting,mining,firewoodgathering,andlandclearingforfarms.

Whatcanprotectfrontierforests?

Theresearchersrecommendcombiningpreservationwithsustainablelandusepracticessuchastourismandselectivetimberextraction.―It’spossibletorestorefrontiers,‖saysBryant,―butthecostandtimerequiredtodosowouldsuggestthatthesmartapproachistohusbandtheremainingfrontierforestbeforeit’sgone.‖

1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.ThepresentsituationoffrontierforestonEarth.

B.Thehistoryofecology.

C.Theforestmapinthepast.

D.Beautifulforestsindifferentpartsoftheworld.

2.Theword―unveiled‖inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto_.

A.evaluated

B.decorated

C.designed

D.madepublic

3.Frontierforestshavewhichofthefollowingbenefits?

A.Theykeepclimatestable.

B.Theyenhancetimberindustry.

C.Theyprovidepeoplewithuniquescenery.

D.Theyareofvarioustypes.

4.Thephrase―ontheedge‖inParagraph5probablymeans________.

Asurroundedbyfrontierforest

Bnearfrontierforest

Cabouttolosetheirfrontierforest

Dunderpressure

5.Accordingtothepassage,roadscreatedbytimber-cuttingmakeitpossibleforpeopleto________.

Atraveltootherplacesthroughtheshort–cut

Bexploitmoreforestland

Cfinddirectionseasily

Dprotectformerforests

Passage2

Questions6----10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.（2005年9月PETS3真题）

Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking:

theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrivedthecellophanewrapperhastobetornoff,thelipopenedandremoved;

thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;

thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries:

itisnowbecomingincreasinglydifficulttobuyanythingthatisnotdoneupincellophane,polythene,orpaper.

Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopper,whousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputourbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.Sowhyisitdone?

Someofit,likethecellophaneonmeat,isnecessary,butmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.

Littleresearchisbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisit,forinstance,forlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaper,pulpit,andrecycleitasegg-boxes?

Woulditbecheapertoplantanotherforest?

Paperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging-----20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday-----butverylittleissalvaged.

Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaper,andthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthorityuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;

andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.

Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays!

Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandreuseofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackaging,intendedtobeusedjustonce,andmakingthingslookbettersomorepeoplewillbuythem,is

clearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasresourcesforwhatis,afterall,arelativelyunimportantfunction.

6.Thesentence―Thisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedtoluxuries‖meansthat________.

Anotenoughwrappingisusedforluxuries

Bmorewrappingisusedforluxuriesthanforordinaryproducts

Citisnotonlyforluxuryproductsthattoomuchwrappingisused

Dthewrappingusedforluxuryproductsisunnecessary

7.Thelocalauthoritiesare_________.

AtheTownCouncil

Bthepolice

Cthepapermanufacturers

Dthemostinfluentialcitizens

8Ifpaperistoberecycled,________.

Amoreforestswillhavetobeplanted

Btheuseofpaperbagswillhavetoberestricted

Cpeoplewillhavetousedifferentdustbinsfortheirrubbish

Dthelocalauthoritieswillhavetoreducethepriceofpaper

9.Britishdairiesare________.

Aproducingenoughplastictubingtogoroundtheworldinlessthanaweek

Bgivinguptheuseofglassbottles

Cincreasingtheproductionofplasticbottles

Dreusingtheiroldglassbottles

10.Theenvironmentaliststhinkthat________.

Amoreplasticpackagingshouldbeused

Bplasticisthemostconvenientformofpackaging

Ctoomuchplasticiswasted

Dshopsshouldstopusingplasticcontainers

Passage3

Questions11-----18arebasedonthefollowingpassage.（找到了出处）

Thetragicimpactofthemoderncityonthehumanbeinghaskilledhissenseofaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromaesthetics,thematerialbenefitsofanaffluentsocietyhavedivertedhisattentionfromhiscityanditsculturalpotentialstotheproductsofscienceandtechnology:

washingmachines,centralheating,automaticcookers,televisionsets,computersandfittedcarpets,Heis,atthemoment,drunkwithdemocracy,well-to-do,acardriver,andhasneverhaditsogood.

Heisreluctanttowalk.Statisticsrevealthatthedistanceheispreparedtowalkfromhisparkingplacetohisshoppingcenterisveryshort.Astherearenoadequateoff-streetparkingfacilities,thecitiesarelitteredwithkerb-parkedcarsandparkingmetersrearthemselveseverywhere.Congestionhasbecomethepredominantfactorinhisenvironment,andstatisticssuggestthattwocarsperhouseholdsystemmaysoonmakemattersworse.

Inthemeantime,insultisaddedtoinjuryby―landvalue‖.Thevalueoflandresultsfromitsuse:

itsincomeanditsvalueincrease.―Puttinglandtoitshighestandbestuse‖becomestheprincipaleconomicstandardinurbangrowth.Thisspeculativeapproachandthepressureofincreasingpopulationleadtothe―vertical‖growthofcitieswiththeresultthatpeopleareforcedtoadjustthemselvestocongestioninordertomaintaintheserelativelyartificiallandvalues.Paradoxicallytheremedyforremovingcongestion

istocreatenoreofit.

Partialdecentralization,orrather,pseudo-decentralization,intheformoflargedevelopmentunitsawayfromthetraditionaltowncenters,onlyshiftsthediseaseroundtheanatomyofthetown,ifitisnotcombinedwithr