考研英语一翻译真题汇总.docx

考研英语一翻译真题汇总.docx

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考研英语一翻译真题汇总

1990年英译汉试题

Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalities，andbehaviorsareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot，orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.

Socialscientistsare，ofcourse，extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.（61）Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet，buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect，thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother.Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoas‖naturevs.nurture‖.

（62）Thosewhosupportthe―nature‖sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.（63）Thatourenvironmenthaslittle，ifanything，todowithourabilities，characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme，thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.

Thosewhosupportthe―nurture‖theory，thatis，theyadvocateeducation，areoftencalledbehaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist，B.F.Skinner，seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.Thebehavioristsmaintainthat，likemachines，humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.

Letusexaminethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic，intelligence，offeredbythetwotheories.Supportersofthe―nature‖theoryinsistthatwearebornwithacertaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.Needlesstosay，theydon‘tbelievethatfactorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatisbasicallyapredeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhand，behavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsaretheproductofourexperiences.（64）Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.

Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.IntheUnitedStates，

blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.Thisleadssome―nature‖proponentstoconcludethatblacksarebiologicallyinferiortowhites.（65）Behaviorists，incontrast，saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.

Mostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.

1991年英译汉试题

Thefactisthattheenergycrisis，whichhassuddenlybeenofficiallyannounced，hasbeenwithusforalongtimenow，andwillbewithusforanevenlongertime.WhetherAraboilflowsfreelyornot，itiscleartoeveryonethatworldindustrycannotbeallowedtodependonsofragileabase.（71）Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytime，andinanycase，theoilwellswillallrundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.

（72）Newsourcesofenergymustbefound，andthiswilltaketime，butitisnotlikelytoresultinanysituationthatwilleverrestorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergywehavehadinthetimespast.Foranindefiniteperiodfromhereon，mankindisgoingtoadvancecautiously，andconsideritselfluckythatitcanadvanceatall.

Tomakethesituationworse，thereisasyetnosignthatanyslowingoftheworld‘spopulationisinsight.Althoughthebirthratehasdroppedinsomenations，includingtheUnitedStates，thepopulationoftheworldseemssuretopasssixbillionandperhapsevensevenbillionasthetwenty-firstcenturyopens.

（73）Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis，whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.

Takingallthisintoaccount，whatmightwereasonablyestimatesupermarketstobelikeintheyear2001?

Tobeginwith，theworldfoodsupplyisgoingtobecomesteadilytighteroverthenextthirtyyears—evenhereintheUnitedStates.By2001，thepopulationoftheUnitedStateswillbeatleasttwohundredfiftymillionandpossiblytwohundredseventymillion，andthenationwillfinditdifficulttoexpandfoodproductiontofilltheadditionalmouths.（74）ThiswillbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinthehighenergyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.

Itseemsalmostcertainthatby2001theUnitedStateswillnolongerbeagreatfoodexportingnationandthat，ifnecessityforcesexports，itwillbeatthepriceofbelttighteningathome.

Infact，asfooditemswillendtodeclineinqualityanddecreaseinvariety，thereisverylikelytobeincreasinguseofflavouringadditives.（75）Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovideacomfortablesupportforall，peoplewillhavetoacceptmore―unnaturalfood‖.

1992年英译汉试题

―Intelligence‖atbestisanassumptiveconstruct—themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.（71）Thereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobythetermthanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifythem.Butitisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadily，makedistinctions，reasonlogically，andmakeuseofverbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild‘scapacityforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnotmeasurecharacter，socialadjustment，physicalendurance，manualskills，orartisticabilities.Itisnotsupposedto—itwasnotdesignedforsuchpurposes.（72）Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.

Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofanysubjectisessentiallyacomparativeaffair.

（73）Nowsincetheassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthescalewithwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa―valid‖or―fair‖comparison.Itisherethatsomeofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytestperformedinvolvesatleastthreefactors:

theintentiontodoone‘sbest，theknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodo，andtheintellectualabilitytodoit.（74）Thefirsttwomustbeequalforallwhoarebeingcompared，ifanycomparisonintermsofintelligenceistobemade.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonable，andthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeenprovedthoroughly.Itsvaluelies，ofcourse，initsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneisintheleastinterestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecanconcludefromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisageattaskswhichwethinkrequire―generalintelligence‖.（75）Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence，butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared，andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.

1993年英译汉试题

（71）Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Thereisnomoredifference，butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference，betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson，asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales，andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygradedweights.（72）Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase，andthebalanceintheother，differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterismuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.

Youwillunderstandthisbetter，perhaps，ifIgiveyousomefamiliarexamples.（73）Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinduction（归纳法）anddeduction，thatbythehelpoftheseoperations，they，inasortofsense，managetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws，andthatoutofthese，bysomespecialskilloftheirown，theybuilduptheirtheories.（74）Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses，andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.Tohearalltheselargewords，youwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlyfromthatofhisfellowmen;butifyouwillnotbefrightenedbyterms，youwilldiscoverthatyouarequitewrong，andthatalltheseterribleapparatusarebeingusedbyyourselveseverydayandeveryhourofyourlives.

Thereisawell-knownincidentinoneofMoliere‘splays，wheretheauthormakestheheroexpressunboundeddelightonbeingtoldthathehadbeentalkingprose（散文）duringthewholeofhislife.Inthesameway，Itrustthatyouwilltakecomfort，andbedelightedwithyourselves，onthediscoverythatyouhavebeenactingontheprinciplesofinductiveanddeductivephilosophyduringthesameperiod.（75）Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning，oftheverysamekind，