职称英语理工A试题参考和答案.docx
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职称英语理工A试题参考和答案
2013年职称英语等级考试真题（理工类A级）
第1部分：
词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）
下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1．Therulesaretoo rigid toallowforhumaneerror.
A．inflexible B．general C．complex D．direct
2．Thisspecieshasnearly diedout becauseitshabitatisbeingdestroyed.
A．turneddead B．passedby C．carriedaway D．becomeextinct
3．Thecontractbetweenthetwocompanieswill expire soon.
A．shorten B．end C．start D．resume
4．Threeworld-classtennisplayerscameto contend forthistitle.
A．argue B．claim C．wish D．compete
5．Themethodsofcommunicationusedduringthewarwere primitive.
A．simple B．reliable C．effective D．alternative
6．Respectforlifeisa cardinal principleofthelaw.
A．moral B．regular C．fundamental D．hard
7．Thedrinkingwaterhasbecome contaminated withlead.
A．polluted B．treated C．tested D．corrupted
8．Comeout,orI’ll bust thedoordown.
A．shut B．set C．break D．beat
9．She shed afewtearsatherdaughter’swedding.
A．wiped B．injected C．produced D．removed
10．Theydidn’tseemtoappreciatethe magnitude oftheproblem.
A．existence B．importance C．cause D．situation
11．Thetowerremains intact evenaftertwohundredyears.
A．unknown B．unusual C．undamaged D．unstable
12．Manyexpertsremain skeptical abouthisclaims.
A．doubtful B．untouched C．certain D．silent
13．Theproposalwas endorsed bythemajorityofmembers.
A．rejected B．submitted C．considered D．approved
14．Rumorsbeganto circulate abouthisfinancialproblems.
A．send B．spread C．hear D．confirm
15．Thepolicewillneedtokeepa wary eyeonthisareaoftown.
A．naked B．cautious C．blind D．private
第2部分：
阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）
下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断；如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。
NewUnderstandingofNaturalSilk’sMysteries
Naturalsilk,asweallknow,hasastrengththatman-madematerialshavelongstruggledtomatch.InadiscoverythatsoundsmorelikeanancientChineseproverbthanamaterialssciencebreakthrough,MITresearchershavediscoveredthatsilkgetsitsstrengthfromitsweakness.Or,morespecifically,itsmanyweaknesses.Silkgetsitsextraordinarydurabilityandductility（柔韧性）fromanunusualarrangementofhydrogenbondsthatareintrinsicallyveryweakbutthatworktogethertocreateastrong,flexiblestructure.
Mostmaterials—especiallytheonesweengineerforstrength—gettheirtoughnessfrombrittleness.Assuch,naturalsilkslikethoseproducedbyspidershavelongfascinatedbothbiologistsandengineersbecauseoftheirlightweight,ductilityandhighstrength（poundforpound,silkisstrongerthansteelandfarlessbrittle）.Butonitsface,itdoesn’tseemthatsilksshouldbeasstrongastheyare;molecularly,theyareheldtogetherbyhydrogenbonds,whicharefarweakerthanthecovalent（共价的）bondsfoundinothermolecules.
Togetabetterunderstandingofhowsilkmanagestoproducesuchstrengththroughsuchweakbonds,theMITteamcreatedasetofcomputermodelsthatallowedthemtoobservethewaysilkbehavesattheatomiclevel.Theyfoundthatthearrangementofthetinysilknanocrystals（纳米晶体）issuchthatthehydrogenbondsareabletoworkcooperatively,reinforcingoneanotheragainstexternalforcesandfailingslowlywhentheydofail,soasnotsoallowasuddenfracturetospreadacrossasilkstructure.
Theresultisnaturalsilksthatcanstretchandbendwhileretainingahighdegreeofstrength.Butwhilethat’sallwellandgoodforspiders,beesandthelike,thisunderstandingofsilkgeometrycouldleadtonewmaterialsthatarestrongerandmoreductilethanthosewecancurrentlymanufacture.Ourbestandstrongestmaterialsaregenerallyexpensiveanddifficulttoproduce（requiringhightemperaturetreatmentsorenergy-intensiveprocesses）.
Bylookingtosilkasamodel,researcherscouldpotentiallydevisenewmanufacturingmethodsthatrelyoninexpensivematerialsandweakbondstocreatelessrigid,moreforgivingmaterialsthatarenonethelessstrongerthananythingcurrentlyonoffer.Andifyouthoughtyouweregoingtogetoutofthismaterialssciencestorywithouthearingaboutcarbonnanotubes（纳米碳管）,thinkagain.TheMITteamisalreadyinthelablookingintowaysofsynthesizingsilk-likestructuresoutofmaterialsthatarestrongerthannaturalsilk—likecarbonnanotubes.Super-silksareonthehorizon.
16．MITresearcherscarryoutthestudytoillustrateanancientChineseproverb.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned
17．Silk’sstrengthcomesfromitsweakhydrogenbondsworkingtogether.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned
18．Biologistsandengineersareinterestedinunderstandingnaturalsilksbecausetheyareverylightandbrittle.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned
19．Ifthehydrogenbondsbreakduetoexternalforces,theybreakfast.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned
20．TheMITteamhadtrieddifferentmaterialsbeforetheystudiesnaturalsilkintheresearch.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned
21．Carbonnanotubesarecurrentlythemostpopulartopicinmaterialsscience.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned
22．Itisindicatedthatmaterialsstrongerthannaturalsilkcanbeexpectedinthefuture.
A．Right B．Wrong C．Notmentioned
第3部分：
概括大意与完成句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：
（1）第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题；
（2）第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
BlackHoles
1 Blackholescanbebestdescribedasasortofvacuum,suckingupeverythinginspace.Scientistshavediscoveredthatblackholescomefromanexplosionofhugestars.Starsthatareneardeathcannolongerburnduetolossoffuel,andbecauseitstemperaturecannolongercontrolthegravitational（重力的）force,hydrogenendsupputtingpressureontothestar’ssurfaceuntilitsuddenlyexplodesthencollapses.
2 Blackholescomefromstarsthataremadeofhydrogen,othergasesandafewmetals.Whentheseexplodeitcanturnintoastellar-mass（恒星质量）blackhole,whichcanonlyoccurifthestarislargeenough（shouldbebiggerthanthesun）fortheexplosiontobreakitintopieces,andthegravitystartstocompacteverypieceintothetiniestparticle.Trytoseeandcompare:
ifastarthat’stentimesthesizeofthesunendsupbeingablackholethat’snolongerthan70kilometers,thentheEarthwouldbecomeablackholethat’sonlyafractionofaninch!
3 Objectsthatgetsuckedinablackholewillalwaysremainthere,nevertobreakfree.Butrememberthatblackholescanonlygobbleup（吞噬）objectswithinaspecificdistancetoit.It’spossibleforalargestarnearthesuntobecomeablackhole,butthesunwillcontinuetostayinplace.Orbitsdonotchangebecausethenewlyformedblackholecontainsexactlythesameamountofmassaswhenitwasastar,onlythistimeitsmassistotallycontractedthatitcanendupasnobiggerthanastate.
4 Sofar,astronomershavefiguredoutthatblackholesexistbecauseofAlbertEinstein’stheoryofrelativity.Intheend,throughnumerousstudies,theyhavediscoveredthatblackholestrulyexist.Sinceblackholestraplightanddonotgiveofflight,itisnearlyimpossibletodetectblackholesviaatelescope.Butastronomerscontinuetostudygalaxies,spaceandthesolarsystemtounderstandhowblackholesmightevolve.Itispossiblethatblackholescanexistformillionsofyears,andlatercontributetoabiggerprocessingalaxies,whichcaneventuallyleadtocreationofnewentities.Scientistsalsocreditblackholesashelpfulinlearninghowgalaxiesbegantoform.
23．Paragraph1_____
24．Paragraph2_____
25．Paragraph3_____
26．Paragraph4_____
A．Isthereproofthatblackholesreallyexist?
B．Whataredifferenttypesofblackholes?
C．Howareblackholesformed?
D．Howwereblackholesnamed?
E．Whathappenstotheobjectsaroundablackhole?
F．Whatareblackholesmadeof?
27．Blackholesareformedafter________.
28．Whenalargestarexplodes,thegravitycompactseverypieceinto________.
29．Anewlyformedblackholeandthestaritcomesfromareof________.
30．AlbertEinstein’stheoryofrelativityhelpstoprove________.
A．thecreationofnewentities
B．anexplosionofhugestars
C．thetiniestparticle
D．thesameamountofmass
E．theexistenceofblackholes
F．afractionofaninch
第4部分：
阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。
请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 ForecastingMethods
Thereareseveraldifferentmethodsthatcanbeusedtocreateaforecast.Themethodaforecasterchoosesdependsupontheexperienceoftheforecaster,theamountofinformationavailabletotheforecaster,thelevelofdifficultythattheforecastsituationpresents,andthedegreeofaccuracyorconfidenceneededintheforecast.
Thef
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