句子结构讲义word版.docx
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句子结构讲义word版
句子结构
句子按照功能分,可分为陈述句,疑问句,祈使句和感叹句四种。
陈述句陈述观点或事实,疑问句提出问题,祈使句表达命令或请求,感叹句则抒发强烈的感情,如惊异、痛苦或者喜悦。
按照结构分,句子有简单句,并列句,复合句和并列复合句四种。
Whatisasimplesentence?
什么是简单句?
简单句中有一个主语和一个谓语动词。
(SV)
Hecame./Shehasleft./Thebuscomes!
/Dogsbark.
当然最常见的简单句还是SVO(主语+谓语+宾语),注意:
在此结构中,谓语动词必须是及物动词。
一般来说,主语由名词、动名词或者名词短语或者代词充当;谓语由动词充当;宾语也是由名词,动名词或者名词短语或者代词充当。
下面是常见的简单句结构:
(注:
S:
subjectV:
verb(predicateverb)O:
objectC:
complementA:
adverbial)
1.SVC主系表(补)
Itprovedanawkwardjourney.
Sheisastudent./Itworkedoutright.
系动词(linkverb)除去Be动词之外,一般有:
feel,become,turn,keep,remain,seem,appear,stay,stand,lie,look,sound,smell,taste,prove,turnout.
2.SVOO主谓双宾结构(分别为直接宾语和间接宾语)
Igavehimtwohundredyuan.(him是间接宾语,twohundredyuan是直接宾语)
3.SVOC(主谓宾补)结构:
Heaskedhertoanswerthequestion.(her是宾语,toanswerthequestion是宾语补足语;补充说明“她”做了什么事情。
)
Isawateachingpostadvertisedinalocalnewspaper.
4.SVA(主谓状)结构:
Joeleapedfromtheedgeofhischair
什么是状语呢?
就是动词的八个状态:
时间、地点、原因、状态、目的、结果、方式、程度。
修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成份叫状语。
状语按用途可分为:
地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等几类。
1).Thestudentsaredoingtheirhomeworkintheclassroom.
(介词短语作地点状语)
2).IlearnedalotfromthepeasantswhenIlivedinthecountryside.
(从句作时间状语)
3).Theysetoutearlysothattheymightarriveontime.
(从句作目的状语)
4).Shewillnotgohomebecauseshehastoattendameeting.
(从句作原因状语)
5).Inearlyforgotwhathehadpromised.(副词作程度状语)
6).Hecamesinginganddancing.(现在分词作伴随状语)
7).IfyouworkhardinEnglish,youwilldowellinit.(从句作条件状语)
8).Hewenttotheschoolyesterdaythoughhewasseriouslyill.
(从句作让步状语)
9).Heworksdayandnight.(名词短语作方式状语)
10).Waitamoment.(名词短语作时间状语)
11).LessonOneisnotsodifficultasLessonTwo(is).(从句作比较状语)
12).LiMingstudiedsohardthathecaughtupwithotherstudents.
(从句作结果状语)
5.SVOA(主谓宾状)结构
AmericaneducationowesagreatdebttoThomasJefferson.
(agreatdebt是宾语;toThomasJefferson是方式状语)
总结:
一般简单句结构有七大类,SV,SVO,SVC,SVOC,SVOO,SVA,SVOA。
平时多加练习,掌握这些是写好作文的基石。
Whatisacompoundsentence?
(什么是并列句)
并列句包含两个或者两个以上更多的简单句。
这些意思相关的独立简单句用并列连词(and,but,or等)连接起来,也可以不用连词而用分号连接。
有以下几种类型:
A.表示转折,有but,yet(连词)和nevertheless,however(副词)连接。
Everythingintheworldisoutsideyou,buthealthbelongstoyourself.
Johnhashisshortcomings;however,thatdoesn'tmeanheisnotqualifiedforthejob.
B.表示因果,连词有so,副词有consequently,therefore,hence
Ihaveameetingtoattend,soIhavetogonow.
Ihaveameetingtoattend;consequently,Ihavetogonow.
C.表示顺接,有and,or
Sheisastudentintheschool,andsheoftenleavesatseveno’clockfromherhome.
Sheisastudentintheschool;sheoftenleavesatseveno’clockfromherhome.
Doitthisway,oryou’llbeintrouble.
Doitthisway;otherwise,you’llbeintrouble.
Whatisacomplexsentence?
(什么是复合句?
)
复合句包含一个主句和一个或者更多的从句,主句和从句间用连词来显示他们的关系。
从句可以当全句的主语,宾语,表语,定语或者状语。
一般来说,主句表达主要的意思,从句表述次要的意思。
after,before,when,if,once,because,since,who,where,whose,as,
what,that,whoever,whatever,whenever,wherever,as…as等等。
Iamtiredafterdrivingallday.(afterIhavedrivenallday.)
连词后面的是从句,前面的是主句。
从句是时间状语从句。
Onlyifyoupersistcanyoubecomesuccessful.
Onlyifyoupersist是条件状语从句,youcanbecomesuccessful是主句。
Whatyousaidjustnowmakesnosensetome.
此句中包括主语从句whatyousaidjustnow.
ZhangHua,whoisthemonitorofourclass,savedthelittleboy.
此句包括定语从句whoisthemonitorofourclass.
试着判断下面的句子包含什么从句:
Iwillgivetheprizetowhoeverisbraveenough.
Wheneveryougetintotrouble,youcanaskmeforhelp.
Themaindifficultyfortheassignmentwasthattherewerenotenoughexperiencedemployeesinthecompany.
Theproposalthattheshabbylibraryshouldberebuiltismetwithuniversalagreement.
Iwillmeetyouattheplacewherewemetlasttime.
IhadnoideaofwhereIwaswrong.
PleasecorrectyourmistakeswhereIunderlined.
Whereveryougo,Iwillberightherewaitingforyou.
ThehotelisexactlywhereIhaveoncelived.
Thisbagisnotsoexpensiveasthatone.
Aslongasyouputyourheartintoit,youwillaccomplishitinduetime.
Hefeltsleepyinclass,forhestayeduplatelastnight.
Allthatshouldbedonehasbeendone.
Thisistheverybookshehasbeenlookingfor.
Theideathatwecangooutforapicnicthisweekendmadeusoverjoyed.
Themanthatstandsbesidemeinthephotoismyroommate.
Whatiscompound-complexsentence?
(并列复合句)
如果一个句子包含至少两个主句和一个从句,也就是说既有并列句,又有复合句,那么这样的句子叫做并列复合句。
试判断下以下句子类型:
Wethinkeveryyoungcoupleshouldsetupahomeoftheirown,andwepitythecouplewhomustsharetheirhomewithaparent,letalonewithotherrelatives.
Inthemain(基本上),however,thecollectiveexpectationofoursocietyisthatthesearedesirablegoals,andtheindividual,whateverhispersonalinclination,isunderconsiderablepressuretoconform
Summary:
短句一般为简单句,表述需要强调和重要的意思。
长的复合句或者并列复合句或者并列句,一般容纳多种修饰语,能清楚并准确地表达复杂的意思。
写作文的时候,短句一般在段落开头,作为中心句,提纲挈领。
或者段落末尾,归纳总结。
而长句一般放在段落中间,起解释说明,证明中心思想的作用。
可以根据需要选择不同类型的句子,而不是句子越长越好,或者全部简单句。
Exercises
I.指出下列句子的错误,并且改正。
试试用几种方式来表达意思。
1.Itwasraininghard;theycouldnotworkinthefields.
2.Iwasborninasmalltown,inthetowntherewasonlyoneschool,Istudiedthereforsixyears.
3.Theessayispoorlyorganized,thereisnocentralidea.
4.Somepeopleforit.
5.Wecanthroughourparentsgetit.
6.Yourparentswillsurpriseyourperformance.
7.Butthereareotherstudentsthinkitisnecessary.
8.Ilikeourschool.Becausetherearemanynewfriendsonthecampus.
9.WhenIwokeupIsawhimasleepinbed,Ihadnotheardhimwhenhecameback.BecauseIhadbeensleepingsoundly.
10.LinlookslikeLi,howevertheyarenotrelated.
II.识别下列句子结构,并划分句子成分。
1.Itisapleasuretoreadgoodbooks.
2.Shemissedthestepandsprainedherankle.
3.Badlyfrightenedbytheexplosion,theboyrushedoutofthelaboratory.
4.ItwillnotbedonebytheGovernment;itcannotbedonebyParliament.
5.Ourcityisonthethresholdofagreatera;ofthiswecanbesure.
6.Inordertofulfillthepromiseofthefuture,wemustbewillingtowork.
7.Wemadehimourmonitor.
8.Wesentadoctortotreathisinjury.
9.Hesentherninety-ninerosesonValentine’sday.
10.Isincerelythankyouforwhatyouhavedoneformealltheseyears.
III.改写下列句子,把短句变成并列句、复合句或者带有分词短语、介词短语或者其他短语的句子。
1.Xucomesfromaworking-classfamily.Heenrolledincollegelastfall.
2.Thedeanissuedabulletin.Itsaidthelibrarywouldremainopenonweekends.
3.Lastnightwasawildnight.Thethunderroared.Thewindblewagale.Therainfellintorrents.
4.Thereareiciclesonthetrees.Thetemperaturemusthavefallenconsiderablyduringthenight.
5.Hereturnedtohishometown.Hehadbeenawayfortwelveyears.Helookedinvainforthefamiliarlandmarks.
6.Wehavemadesomeprogress.Westillhavealongwaytogo.
7.Theskywascloudless.Thesunwasshiningbrightly.
8.Therewereovertwohundredpassengersonboardtheplane.Aboutonethirdofthemwereforeigners.
9.Thegirlbegantolearntoplaythepianowhenshewasachild.Hermotherwasafamouspianist.
10.NapoleonwasborninCorsicain1769.AtthattimetheislandhadjustbeenacquiredbyFrance.
11.Sheappearedonthestage.Astormyapplausebrokeforth.
12.Thenewworkersareyoungandinexperienced.Theyareeagertolearnfromtheveteranworkers.
13.ThegypsiesarereallyanomadicpeoplefromIndia.TheymigratedintoEurope.OncetheywerethoughttobeEgyptians.
14.Itwasapoorquarter.Therewerealotofsmallhuts.Theyhadmudwallsandstrawroofs.Theydottedahillside.
15.Heheardthathisfatherwasill.Hewasanxioustogohometoseehim.Hewenttothestationearlyinthemorningtobuyaticket.
答案
I.指出下列句子的错误,并且改正。
试试用几种方式来表达意思。
1.Asitwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.
Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsbecauseitwasraininghard.
2.Iwasborninasmalltown.Inittherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.
ØInthesmalltownwhereIwasborn,therewasonlyoneschool,andIstudiedthereforsixyears.
ØIwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool.Istudiedthereforsixyears.
ØIstudiedforsixyearsattheonlyschoolinthesmalltownwhereIwasborn.(thebestone)
3.Theessayispoorlyorganized:
thereisnocentralidea.
ØTheessayispoorlyorganized,forthereisnocentralidea.
4.Somepeopleareforit.(…favor,supportit.)
5.Wecangetitthroughourparents.
6.Yourparentswillbesurprisedatyourperformance.
ØYourparentswillmarvelatyourperformance.
7.Butthereareotherstudentswhothinkitisnecessary.
ØButotherstudentsthinkitisnecessary.(better)
8.Ilikeourschool,because(for)therearemanynewfriendsonthecampus.
ØTherearemanynewfriendsonthecampus,soIlikeourschool.
ØIlikeourcampuswheretherearemanynewfriends.(bestone)
9.WhenIwokeup,Isawhimasleepinbed.Ihadnotheardhimwhenhecameback,becauseIhadbeensleepingsoundly.
10.LinlookslikeLi,buttheyarenotrelated.
ØLinlookslikeLi;however,theyarenotrelated.
II.识别下列句子结构,并划分句子成分。
1.Itisapleasuretoreadgoodbooks.(简单句,SVC)
S:
It(形式主语),toreadgoodbooks(真主语);V:
is(系动词);C:
apleasure(表语)
2.Shemissedthestepand(she)sprainedherankle.(并列句,SVO)
3.Badlyfrightenedbytheexplosion,theboyrushedoutofthelaboratory.(简单句,SVA)
S:
theboy;V:
rushed;A:
Badly…explosion(原因状语);outofthelaboratory(地点状语)
4.ItwillnotbedonebytheGovernment;itcannotbedonebyParliament.(并列句,SVA)
S:
It;V:
wi