应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案解析及课文翻译.docx
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应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案解析及课文翻译
Unit1TheRootsofChemistry
I.Comprehension.
1.C2.B3.D4.C5.B
II.Makeasentenceoutofeachitembyrearrangingthewordsinbrackets.
1.Thepurificationofanorganiccompoundisusuallyamatterofconsiderabledifficulty,anditisnecessarytoemployvariousmethodsforthispurpose.
2.Scienceisanever-increasingbodyofaccumulatedandsystematizedknowledgeandisalsoanactivitybywhichknowledgeisgenerated.
3.Life,afterall,isonlychemistry,infact,asmallexampleofchemistryobservedonasinglemundaneplanet.
4.Peoplearemadeofmolecules;someofthemoleculesinpeoplearerathersimplewhereasothersarehighlycomplex.
5.Chemistryiseverpresentinourlivesfrombirthtodeathbecausewithoutchemistrythereisneitherlifenordeath.
6.Mathematicsappearstobealmostashumankindandalsopermeatesallaspectsofhumanlife,althoughmanyofusarenotfullyawareofthis.
III.Translation.
1.（a）chemicalprocess（b）naturalscience（c）thetechniqueofdistillation
2.Itistheatomsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandthelike/andsoon/andsoforth/andotherwise.
3.Chemistryhasaverylonghistory,infact,humanactivityinchemistrygoesbacktoprerecordedtimes/predatingrecordedtimes.
4.Accordingto/Fromtheevaporationofwater,peopleknow/realizedthatliquidscanturn/be/changeintogasesundercertainconditions/circumstance/environment.
5.Youmustknowthepropertiesofthematerialbeforeyouuseit.
IV.Translation
化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。
自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。
人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。
这三步是：
（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。
V.Solution:
（1）Therelativemassof1Hand12Catomscanbecalculatedfromtheirabsolutemassesingrams.
Ifthemassofa12Catomisexactly12amu,thenthemassofa1Hatomtofivesignificantfiguresmustbe1.0078amu.
12amux0.083986=1.0078amu
（2）
Firstwecalculatekandthenusethefirst-orderrateequation.
Thebonewastossedaway（moreprecisely,theanimalwhosebonewasdied）about6100yearsago,orabout4100B.C.Wecanthusbesurethatavillagewasinexistenceatthatplaceatthattime.
Unit7TheNomenclatureofInorganicSubstances
I.Comprehension
1.A2.B3.C4.C5.B
II.Givethesystematicnameforthefollowing
ammoniumion;copper（II）ion;strontiumion;
Ccopper（I）ion;iron（II）ion;zincion;
hydrogenion;lead（（II）ion;aluminum;
silverion;magnesiumion;chromium（III）ion;
Barium;Manganese（II）ion;iron（III）ion;
calciumion;mercury（II）ion;
chromium（II）ion;tin（II）ion.
carbonmonoxide;ditrogentrioxide;
carbondioxide;diphosphoruspentoxide;
sulfurtrioxide;dichlorineheptoxide
arsenateion;sulfiteion;hydrideion;
arseniteion;bromideion;hydroxideion;
phosphateion;chlorateion;hypochloriteion;
phosphateion;chlorideion;iodateion;
carbonateion;chloriteion;nitrateion;
chromateion;cyanideion;iodideion;
dichromateion;fluorideion;nitrateion;
oxideion;hydrogencarbonateion;nitriteion;
sulfideion;hydrogensulfateion;perchlorateion;
sulfateion;hydrogensulfiteion;permanganateion.
III.Completethetable.
Formula
Oldname
Systematicname
FeO
iron（II）oxide
Fe2O3
iron（III）oxide
Sn（OH）2
tin（II）hydroxide
Sn（OH）4
tin（IV）hydroxide
Hg2SO4
mercury（I）sulfate
HgSO4
mercury（II）sulfate
NaCLO
sodiumhypochlorite
K2Cr2O7
potassiumdichromate
Cu3（AsO4）2
copper（II）arsenate
Cr（C2H3O2）3
chromium（IV）acetate
IV.Acidnamesmaybeobtaineddirectlyfromitsacidionbychangingthenameoftheacidion（negativeion）.Usetheruletogivethenameofthefollowingacid.
Formulaofacid
Oldname
Nameofacid
H2CO3
carbonicacid
HClO2
chlorousacid
HClO4
perchloricacid
HCN
hydrocyanicacid
HBr
hydrobromicacid
H4SiO4
silicicacid
H3AsO4
arsenicacid
V.Completethesentenceswiththeproperformofthewordgivenattheendofthesentence.
1.isaltered;2.Toillustrate3.indicates4.shouldexpect5.wouldcancel
6.arepulled7.dependon8.are;referred9.formed10.havediscussed
VI.Translation
1.Mattercanneitherbecreatednorbedestroyed/eliminated.
2.Itisnecessarythatascientistmustknowhowtousefingurestogetanaccutateanswertoquestion.
3.Anysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritissolid,liquidorgas.
4.Theexperimentwassuccessful.It’sresultswasthesameaswhatwehadexpected.
5.Itwillnotbelongbeforewefinishtheexperiment.
VII.Writeequationsforthefollowingacid-basereactions.Usetheinformationininorganictextbooktopredictwhethertheequilibriumwillfavorthereactantsortheproducts.（PartiallySolved）
Solutinto（a）:
CyanideistheconjugatebaseofHCN.Itcanacceptaprotonfromformicacid:
Readingfrominorganictextbook,formicacid（pKa=3.76）isastrongeracidthanHCN（pKa=9.22）,andcyanideisastrongerbasethanformate.Theproducts（weakeracidandbase）arefavored.
…………..
VIII.Writeequationsforthenetreactionswhichoccurwhenthefollowingmaterialsareaddedtoasodium-ammoniasolution.
Answer:
（1）2CH3GeH3+2eam-→H2+2CH3GeH2-
（2）I2+2eam-→2I-
（3）（C2H5）2S+2eam-+NH3→C2H5S-+C2H6+NH2-
Unit10NomenclatureofHydrocarbons
I.Comprehension
1.C2.D3.B4.A5.B6.B
II.NamethefollowingcompoundsbytheIUPACsystem
1
CH3（CH2）nCH3（n=2,3,4,6,respectively）
butane,pentane,hexane,octane
2
（CH3）2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2-methylpentane
3
（CH3）3C-CH2-CH（C2H5）-CH2-CH3
4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
4
（CH3）2CH-CH2CH2-CH（CH2CH2CH3）-CH（CH3）2
5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane
5
CH3-CH2-CH2-C（CH2CH2CH3）2-CH（CH3）2
4-isopropyl-4-propylheptane
6
◇-CH2-CH（CH3）2
isobutylcyclobutane
7
CH2=C（C2H5）（CH（CH3）2）
2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene
8
CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH3
2-chloro-3-hexene
9
CH3-CH（CH3）-CH（C2H5）-C≡C-CH3
4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne
10
CH2=CH-C≡CH
1-buten-3-yne
11
（CH3）2CH-CH2CH（OH）CH3
4-methyl-2-pentanol
12
CH3CH2CH=CHCH（OH）CH3
3-hexen-2-ol
13
（CH3）3C-OH
2-methyl-2-propanol
14
（CH3）3C-OCH2H5
2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane
15
（CH3）2CH-CH2-O-C2H5
1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane
16
（CH2OH）2
1,2-ethanediol
17
CH3-CH（OH）-CH2（OH）
1,2-proanediol
18
CH2（OH）-CH（OH）-CH2（OH）
1,2,3-propanetriol
19
CH3CH2NH2
aminoethane
20
CH3CH2CH2CH（CH3）CH-NH-CH3
N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentane
III.Drawstructuresforthefollowingcompounds.
1
3-octene
C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C
2
3-methy-2-heptene
3
cyclohexene
4
2-pentyne
C-CC-C-C
5
3,3-dimethylhexyne
6
3-bromotoluene
7
vinylchloride
C=C-Cl
8
acetylene
CC
9
para-dichlorobenzene
10
m-chlorobromobenzene
11
toluene
12
chlorobenzene
13
1,2-dibromobenzene
14
naphthalene
15
anthracene
16
phenanthrene
17
2-methyl-1-propanol
18
Cyclohexanol
19
Methoxyethene
20
trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol
IV.Decidewhichitembestcompleteseachunfinishedsentence.
1.A2.A3.B4.C
V.Eachofthefollowingnamesisincorrect.Drawthestructurerepresentedbytheincorrectname（oraconsistentstructureifthenameisambiguous）,andgiveyourdrawingthecorrectname.
（…………）
Unit11CarboxylicAcidsandTheirDerivatives
I.Comprehension
1.B2.B3.C4.D5.A6.C
II.Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow.
1.broughtout2.dozenorso;puttogether3.aremadeof;dividedby4.aredifferentfrom5.onthecontrary;consistof6.summedup7.standfor8.suchas9.are;dependenton10.breakdowninto
III.Putinproperprepositionsoradverbsintotheblanks.
1.with;as2.to3.about4.from5.into
IV.Translation
1.Similarly,solventalsomaynotbeliquidmatterbuttheothers
2.Agraphplottingsolubilityagainsttemperatureiscalledasolubilitycurve.
（Thecurveplotdrawn（made/produced）bysolubilityasonecoordinateandtemperatureasanothercoordinateiscalledsolubilitycurve.）
3.Airismixtureofgases,themostabundantofwhichisnitrogenintheformofN2（molecules）.
4.Thedirectionofthereactionandthepositionoftheequilibriummayalsobeaffectedbythetemperature,pressure,andotherconditions.
5.Hydrogenhasagreataffinityforoxygenandeasilycombineswithittoformwater.
V.Translation
玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。
实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的特性）。
因为它的两重性，电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子，而且如Bohr所说的，如果电子高速运动，我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。
Unit13UltravioletandVisibleMolecularSpectroscopy
I.Comprehension
1.C2.D3.D4.D5.B
II.Fillintheblanks
of;as;in;out;In;for;for;of;in;then;to;for;since（for）;into.
III.Filltheblankineachsentencewithanappropriatephraseinitsproperform.
1.accountfor2.takepartin3.thinkof….as4.Ascomparedwith
5.isattachedto6.onthecontrary7.Asinthecaseof8.incontrastwithasagainst9.owingto10.Exceptfor.
Unit17Crystallisation
I.Comprehension
1.D2.A3.A4.D5.A
II.Fillintheblankswiththeproperwordgivenbelow.
Stage;interna;symmetrical;basis;physical;Furthermore;composed;responsible;reasonable;overall.
III.Choosetheitemfrom
（1）~（6）thatbestmatchestheitemin（a）~（f）tomakeacorrectsentence.
1~a;2~b;3~c;4~d;5~e;6~f
VI.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese
共沸物；类质同晶；过饱和；砷酸盐；晶核；异丙基；醇；钠；硫酸盐；间甲酚；糖膏；
十水合物；结晶质的；同系物；衍生物；结晶；四硼酸盐；盐析；乙基乙酰苯胺；矿物油。
Uint18Distillation
I.Comprehension
1.B2.D3.A4.A
II.Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow.
1.Inorderto2.inrelationto3.inthecaseof4.intheend
5.inanumberof6.leadto7.amessyway
掌握以下词汇:
flashdistillation闪蒸;exitstream出流;equilibriumcurve平衡曲线;weir堰;
redistillation重蒸;apparatus设备;overheadproduct塔顶产物;enthalpy焓;intersection交点;auxiliary辅助装置;rectifyingsection精馏段;reflux回流;
reboller
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