新版gmat写作讲义资料.docx

新版gmat写作讲义资料.docx

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新版gmat写作讲义资料

Argument部分

一.Argument的写作特点

二.Argument整体结构

第一段：

开头段。

主要是归纳论点，说明论点有问题，存在逻辑漏洞，准备发起进攻。

第二段和第三段甚至第四段：

分类别去攻击各个逻辑错误。

第五段：

结尾段。

作者的结论似乎是合理的，但是通过论证，不是这样的。

因此作者在做出决定之前，应该还要考虑其他情况。

三.如何写开头段？

例.重复结论+扼要重述论据+转折（总论）

InthismemothevicepresidentofNature'sWayCNW）,achainofstoressellinghealthfoodandhealth-relatedproducts,recommendsopeningastoreinPlamesville.TosupportthisrecommendationthevicepresidentcitesthefollowingfactsaboutPlainesville:

（1）salesofexerciseshoesandclothingareatall-timehighs;

（2）thelocalhealthclubismorepopularthanever;and（3）thecity'sschoolchildrenarerequiredtoparticipateinafitnessprogram.Closescrutinyofeachofthesefacts,however,revealsthatnoneofthemlendcrediblesupporttotherecommendation.

四.开头段的小宝式写法（C－E－F）

Merelybasedonunfoundedassumptionanddubious（suspicious）evidence,thestatementdrawsaconclusionthat_____.Tosubstantiate（support）theconclusion,thearguerpointsoutevidencethat_____.Inaddition,heindicatesthat_____.Furthermore,hecitestheresultofarecentsurveyinsupportofthisrecommendation.Atfirstglance,theauthor’sargumentappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitomitssomesubstantialconcernsthatshouldbeaddressedtosubstantiatetheargument.Inmypointofview,thisargumentsuffersfromNlogicalflaws.

五.如何写正文段

六.如何写结尾段

七.结尾段的具体写法

Tosumup,thisarguerfailstosubstantiateitsclaimthat_____,becausetheevidencescitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.Tomaketheargumentmoreconvincing,thearguerwouldhavetoprovidemoreinformationwithregardto_____.Additionally,hewouldhavetodemonstratethat_____.Therefore,iftheargumenthadincludedthegivenfactorsdiscussedabove,itwouldhavebeenmorethoroughandlogicallyacceptable.

八.各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言

1.Survey/Study：

（1）Procedure

A.Selectivesample

B.Quantityofthesample

Unlessthesurveyorssampledasufficientnumberofanddidsorandomlyacrosstheentirespectrum,thesurveyresultsarenotreliabletogauge_____generally.Thenumberofrespondents/samplesinitselfdoesnotensurerepresentativeness.Forexample,ifthesampleincludedonly,thentheresultswouldnodoubtsuggest.Orif_____,（1200）wouldaccountforonlyalittlepercentage,whichwouldrenderstheresultofthesurveymeaningless.

（2）Resultofthesurvey

A.Dothestatisticsmakeanymeaningfullness?

B.Arethestatisticsmisleadinglyvague?

①攻击“无相对比值”Theargumenttellsusthat“many”（anumberof）_____.However,thespeakerfailstoindicatethepercentageof_____,sothisevidenceisfartoovaguetobemeaningful.

②攻击“无绝对数值”

Theauthorfailstoprovideinformationregardingtheabsolutenumberof____.

C.Respondents

Therespondentsmustbestatisticallysignificantinnumberandrepresentativeoftheoverall_____.

（3）Whoconductedthesurvey?

Thesurveyorshouldbenonaligned/cross-becher.

（4）Whenwasthesurveyconducted?

Athresholdproblemisthattheeditorialneglectstoindicatehowrecentlyhesurveywasactuallyconducted.Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegeneralization.Allweknowinthiseditorialisthatthesurveywasrecentlypublished.Thelessrecentthesurveyitself,thelessreliabletheresultstoindicatecurrentinterestlevels.

2.SufficientEvidenceandNecessaryCondition

（1）SufficientEvidence

a.Theargumentassumestoohastilythat____willnecessarilyresultinthebehaviorthattheargumentpredicts.Perhaps,_____.Moreover,____.

b.ThefactthatAisnotsufficientforthepredictionthatB.

（2）NecessaryCondition

Theeditor’srecommendationdependsontheassumptionthatnofactorsotherthanAcausedB.However,commonsenseinformsmethatthisassumptionisapoorone.Amyriadofotherfactors,including___or____,mightjustaslikelybethecauseofB.Tobespecific,_____.Withoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblecauses,theeditorcannotjustifiablyconcludethatonlyby____can____.

3.CauseandEffectFallacies

（1）Nonsequitur

Thearguerfailstoestablishthecausalrelationshipbetweenthefactthat____andtheclaimthat____.Thisargumentisunacceptableunlessthereiscompellingevidencetosupporttheconnectionbetweenthesetwoevents.Perhaps,forexample,____resultsfrom_____.

（2）Posthoc,ergoproperhoc（afterthis,thereforebecauseofthis）

Basedonthefactthat____occurredafter_____,theeditorinfersthat____shouldberesponsiblefor_____.However,thesequenceoftheseevents,initself,doesnotsufficetoprovethatearlierdevelopmentcausedthelaterone.Imighthaveresultedfromsomeothereventsinstead:

____________----tojustafewpossibilities.Withoutrulingoutscenariossuchasthese,theeditorcannotestablishacause-and-effectrelationshipbetween______and_______uponwhicheditor’stherecommendationdepends.

（3）Concurrence

TheargumentobservesacorrelationbetweenAandB,thenconcludesthattheformeristhecauseofthelatter.However,theargumentfailstoruleoutotherpossibleexplanationsforAorB.Forexample,_____.AnyofthesefactorsmightleadtoB.WithoutrulingoutallotherfactorsitisunfairtoconcludethatAisresponsibleforB.

（4）Confusethecauseandeffect

ItispossiblethatthemayorhasconfusedcausewitheffectrespectingtherecentdevelopmentsinOceanView.PerhapsAwasaresponsetoB.Sincethemayorhasfailedtoaccountforthispossibility,theclaimthat_____iscompletelyunwarranted.

4.ChangingScopeFallacies

（1）Differentconcepts

AthresholdprobleminvolvesthedefinitionofA.Thearguerfailstodefinethiscriticalterm.IfAisdefinedasB,thenhowC,isirrelevanttowhether____.Inshort,withoutacleardefinitionofA,itisimpossibletoassessthestrengthoftheargument.

（2）Whatistrueforamemberisalsotrueforthegroup

Theargumentresetsontheassumptionthat个体案例typifynationwide整体情况.Ifthisisnotthecase,thenitisentirelypossiblethat在另一个地方，上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况Thus,lackingmoremarketinginformationabout____nationwide,itisdifficulttoassessthemeritofthememo’srecommendation.

（3）Assumingthatcharacteristicsofagroupapplytoeachgroupmember

Oneproblemwiththeargumentisthatitassumesthatthenationwide（characteristicsofagroupapplytoeverymemberofthatgroup）statisticsabout_____appliesequallyto个体成员，Yetthismightnotbethecase,foravarietyofpossiblereasons.Perhaps______;orperhaps______.Withoutrulingoutsuchpossibilities,theauthorcannotjustifiablyconcludethat_____.

（4）Average

5.IncompleteThought

（1）Failingtoweightheadvantageanddisadvantagethoroughly

Inaddition,theauthorfailstoconsiderthepossiblenegativeimpactsbroughtaboutby.

（2）Profit

Theauthor’conclusionthat_____isunwarranted.Profitisfactorofnotonlyrevenue,butalsocosts.It’sentirelypossiblethatthecostsof_________,orothercostsassociatedwith________,willoffset,evenoutweightherevenue.Besides,amyriadofotherpossibleoccurrence,suchasunfavorableeconomicconditions,mightprevent______frombeingasprofitableintheforeseeablefuturesastheargumentpredicts.

6.Allthingsremainunchangedovertime

（1）Pastconditionsremainunchangedinthepresentandfuture

Theauthorclaimsthat______,because_____.Theauthorassumeswithoutjustificationthatthebackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttime.Theassumptionisunwarrantedbecausethingsrarelyremainthesameoverextendedperiodsoftime.TherearelikelyallkindsofdifferencebetweenAandB.Forexample,A_______;however,B______.Anyofthesescenarios,iftrue,wouldservetounderminetheclaimthat______

（2）PresentConditionswillremainunchangedintothefuture

7.Vagueevidence

8.Analogyandcomparison

（1）Falseanalogy

Thearguer’srecommendationreliesonwhatmightbeapooranalogybetweenAandB.Theanalogyfalselydependsontheassumptionthat______inbothAandBaresimilar.However,itisentirelypossiblethatA与B存在很大的不同.Inshort,withoutaccountingforimportantpossibledifferencesbetweenAandB,thearguercannotreasonablyprovetheproposedmethodwillhelpA_____.

（2）Incompleteorselectivecomparison

（3）ComparisonandVariation

9.Falsedilemma

EvenassumingAisnotthereasonfortheB,theauthorfalselyassumesthattheBmustbeattributabletoC.This“either-or”argumentisfallaciousinthatitignoresotherpossiblecausesoftheB.Forexample,perhaps其他可能原因,orperhaps其他可能原因

10.UnwarrantedAssumption

Theauthorfalselydependsongratuitousassumptionthat______.However,noevidenceisstatedintheargumenttosupportthisassumption.Forexample,itismostlikelythat______.Therefore,theargumentisunwarrantedwithoutrulingoutsuchpossibility.

11.Hastygeneralization

Inaddition,thearguercommitsafallacyofhastygeneralization.EvenifA,itdoesnotfollowthatB.ItishighlypossiblethatotherfactorsmayhavecontributedtoB.Forinstance,__________.Besides,thearguerdoesnotprovideanysolidinformationconcerningB.WithoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblefactorsthatgiverisetoB,theauthorcannotconfidentlyconcludethat______.

范文：

48.Thefollowingappearedintheeditorialsectionofalocalnewspaper.

“TheprofitabilityofCroesusCompany,recentlyrestoredtoprivateownership,isaclearindicationthatbusinessesfarebetterunderprivateownershipthanunderpublicownership.”

BasedupontheprofitabilityoftheCroesusCompanyandthefactthatitwasrecentlyconvertedfrompublictopriv