现代劳动经济学课后伊兰伯格课后习题答案.docx

现代劳动经济学课后伊兰伯格课后习题答案.docx

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现代劳动经济学课后伊兰伯格课后习题答案

Instructor'sManual

toaccompany

Ehrenberg&Smith

ModernLaborEconomics:

Theory&PublicPolicy

EighthEdition

RobertS.Smith

CornellUniversity

RobertM.Whaples

WakeForestUniversity

LawrenceWohl

GustavusAdolphusUniversity

Copyright2003Addison-Wesley,Inc.

Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthisbookmaybeusedorreproducedinanymannerwhatsoeverwithoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher,excepttestingmaterialsandtransparencymastersmaybecopiedforclassroomuse.Forinformation,addressAddison-WesleyHigherEducation,PearsonPLC75ArlingtonStreet,Suite300,Boston,Massachusetts02116.

ANOTETOTHEINSTRUCTOR

ThisInstructor'sManualisintendedtosummarizethecontentoftheeightheditionofModernLaborEconomics:

TheoryandPublicPolicyinawaythatexplainsourpedagogicalstrategy.Summarizedbriefly,webelievethatlaboreconomicscanbebestlearnedifstudentsare

（1）abletoseethe"bigpicture"earlyon,sothatnewconceptscanbeplacedinperspective;

（2）movedcarefullyfromconceptstheyalreadyknowtonewones;（3）motivatedbyseeingthepolicyimplicationsorinherentlyinterestinginsightsgeneratedbytheconceptsbeingtaught.Tothislastend,wediscusspolicyissuesineverychapterand,inaddition,employ"boxedexamples"todemonstrateinhistorical,cross-cultural,orappliedmanagerialsettingsthepoweroftheconceptsintroduced.

Thetextisdesignedtobeaccessibletostudentswithlimitedbackgroundsineconomics.Wedoemploygraphicanalysesandequationsaslearningaidsinvariouschapters;however,wearecarefultoprecedetheirusewithverbalexplanationsoftheanalysesandtointroducetheseaidsinastep-by-stepfashion.Tohelpstudentsintheapplicationofconceptstovariousissues,wehaveprintedanswerstotheodd-numberedreviewquestionsforeachchapteratthebackofthebook.

Wehavealsoendeavoredtoputtogetheratextthat,whileaccessibletoall,isacomprehensiveandup-to-datesurveyofmodernlaboreconomics.Thereare9chapterappendicesdesignedtobeusedwithmoreadvancedstudentsingeneratingadditionalinsights.

InthefirstpartofthisInstructor'sManual,wepresentabriefoverviewandthegeneralplanofModernLaborEconomics.Wethenpresentachapter-by-chapterreviewoftheconceptspresentedinthetext.Inthediscussionofeachchapterwelistthemajorconceptsorunderstandingscovered,andinsomecasessuggesttopicsorsectionsthatcouldbeeliminatediftimemustbeconserved.Wealsopresentouranswerstotheeven-numberedreviewquestionsattheendofeachchapter.

AnimportantpartofthisInstructor'sManualarethesuggestedessayquestionsrelatedtoeachchapter.Wepresentafewsuggestedessayquestionsforeachchapter.

TableofContents

Clickonthechaptertitletojumpdirectlytothatpage.

OverviewoftheText1

Chapter1Introduction4

Chapter2OverviewoftheLaborMarket8

Chapter3TheDemandforLabor14

Chapter4LaborDemandElasticities20

Chapter5Quasi-FixedLaborCostsandTheirEffectsonDemand26

Chapter6SupplyofLabortotheEconomy:

TheDecisiontoWork32

Chapter7LaborSupply:

HouseholdProduction,theFamily,andtheLifeCycle37

Chapter8CompensatingWageDifferentialsandLaborMarkets45

Chapter9InvestmentsinHumanCapital:

EducationandTraining51

Chapter10WorkerMobility:

Migration,Immigration,andTurnover57

Chapter11PayandProductivity62

Chapter12Gender,Race,andEthnicityintheLaborMarket68

Chapter13UnionsandtheLaborMarket77

Chapter14InequalityinEarnings84

Chapter15Unemployment88

OVERVIEWOFTHETEXT

INTRODUCTION/REVIEW:

Chapters1and2

Chapter1-Introduction

Appendix1A-StatisticalTestingofLaborMarketHypotheses

Chapter2-OverviewoftheLaborMarket

Chapters1and2introducebasicconceptsoflaboreconomics.Theyarewrittentobeaccessibletostudentswithoutbackgroundsinintermediatetheory,andcan,therefore,beusedasbuildingblockswhenaprofessormust"beginatthebeginning."Ifthecourseisbeingtaughttoeconomicsmajorswithintermediatemicroeconomicsasaprerequisite,thesechaptersmaybeskippedorskimmedquicklyasareview.

AnappendixtoChapter1introducesthestudenttoeconometrics.Thepurposeofthisappendixistopresentenoughofthebasiceconometricconceptsandissuestopermitstudentstoreadpapersemployingordinaryleastsquaresregressiontechniques.WestronglyrecommendassigningAppendix1Aincoursesrequiringstudentstoreadempiricalpapersinthefield.Wealsorecommend（infootnote3oftheappendix）anintroductoryeconometricstextthatcouldbeassignedbyinstructorswhowishtogobeyondourintroductorytreatment.

THEDEMANDFORLABOR:

Chapters3-5

Chapter3-TheDemandforLabor

Appendix3A-GraphicDerivationofaFirm'sLaborDemandCurve

Chapter4-LaborDemandElasticities

Appendix4A-InternationalTradeandtheDemandforLabor:

CanHigh-WageCountriesCompete?

Chapter5-Quasi-FixedLaborCostsandTheirEffectsonDemand

Thedemandforlaborisdiscussedfirstprimarilybecausewebelievethatthesupplyoflaborisamorecomplextopicinmanyways.Beforeanalyzingthelabor/leisurechoiceandhouseholdproduction,wefirstintroducestudentstotheemployersideofthemarket.Forinstructorswhodesiretocovertopicsconcernedwiththedecisiontoworkfirst,however,wenotethatChapters6and7,whichdealswiththatdecision,areself-contained.Therefore,nothingwouldbelostifChapters6and7weretaughtaheadofChapters3,4,and5.

InChapter3theprincipalquestionanalyzediswhydemandcurvesslopedownward.InChapter4wemovetoadiscussionoftheelasticityofdemand,andanalyzethedeterminantsofthepreciserelationshipbetweenwagesandemployment.Theconceptsareusedtoanalyzehowtechnologicalchangeandforeigntradeaffectlabordemand.Finally,Chapter5analyzesthequasi-fixednatureofmanylaborcostsandthewaysthesecostsaffectthedemandforlabor.

SUPPLYOFLABORTOTHEECONOMY:

Chapters6and7

Chapter6-SupplyofLabortotheEconomy:

TheDecisiontoWork

Chapter7-LaborSupply:

HouseholdProduction,theFamily,andtheLifeCycle

Chapters6and7analyzethedecisionofanindividualtoworkforpay.Thetraditionalanalysisofthelabor/leisurechoiceisgiveninChapter6,whileinChapter7thedecisiontoworkforpayisplacedinthecontextofhouseholdproduction.TheessentialfeaturesofthedecisiontoworkforpayareincludedinChapter6.Inone-quartercoursesorcoursesinwhichtimeisscarce,Chapter7couldbeskipped;however,doingsowouldeliminateanalysesoffamilylaborsupplydecisionsaswellaslaborsupplydecisionsinthecontextofthelifecycle.

Asnotedabove,Chapters6and7aredesignedtobeself-containedfortheconvenienceofinstructorswhowishtoteachlaborsupplyaheadoflabordemand.

FACTORSAFFECTINGTHECHOICEOFEMPLOYMENT:

Chapters8-10

Chapter8-CompensatingWageDifferentialsandLaborMarkets

Appendix8A-CompensatingWageDifferentialsandLayoffs

Chapter9-InvestmentsinHumanCapital:

EducationandTraining

Appendix9A-A"Cobweb”ModelofLaborMarketAdjustment

Appendix9B-AHedonicModelofEarningsandEducationalLevel

Chapter10-WorkerMobility:

Migration,Immigration,andTurnover

Oncetheyhavedecidedtoseekemployment,prospectiveworkersencounterimportantchoicesconcerningtheiroccupationandindustry,aswellasthegenerallocationoftheiremployment.Chapters8through10analyzethesechoices,withChapters8and9focusingonindustry/occupationalchoiceandChapter10onthechoiceofaspecificemployerandthelocationofemployment.Moreparticularly,Chapter8presentsananalysisofjobchoicewithinthecontextofjobsthatdifferalongnonpecuniarydimensions.Chapters9and10analyzeissuesaffectingworkerinvestmentsinskillacquisition（Chapter9）andjobchange（Chapter10）,andbothemploytheconceptsofhumancapitaltheory.Allthreechapterscontainappendicesofinteresttoinstructorswhowishtoteachmoreadvancedmaterial.

ANALYSESOFSPECIALTOPICSINLABORECONOMICS:

Chapters11-15

Chapter11-PayandProductivity

Chapter12-Gender,Race,andEthnicityintheLaborMarket

Appendix12A-Estimating"ComparableWorth"EarningsGaps:

An

ApplicationofRegressionAnalysis

Chapter13-UnionsandtheLaborMarket

Appendix13A-ArbitrationandtheBargainingContractZone

Chapter14-InequalityinEarnings

Appendix14A-LorenzCurvesandGiniCoefficients

Chapter15-Unemployment

Havingpresentedbasicconceptsandanalyticaltoolsnecessarytounderstandthedemandandsupplysidesofthelabormarket,wenowmovetoanalysesofspecialtopics:

compensation,discrimination,unions,inequality,andunemployment.Acompleteanalysisofallthesetopicsrequiresanunderstandingofbehavioronboththedemandandsupplysidesofthemarket,andthesechaptersarebuiltupontheprecedingten.Nonewanalyticaltoolsareintroducedinthesechapters.

Thechaptersonunionism（Chapter13）anddiscrimination（Chapter12）dealwithissuestypicallycoveredinlaboreconomicscourses,buttheyaremorecomprehensivethanmostothertexts.ItshouldbenotedthattheappendixtoChapter12includesanapplicationofregressionanalysis.Thechapteroninequalityisuniqueandcanbeskippedwithoutalossincoverageofconventionalmaterial;however,itiswritteninawaythatprovidesareviewofmaterialinpreviouschapters.

CHAPTER1-INTRODUCTION

Becausethetextbookstresseseconomicanalysisasitappliestothelabormarket,s