医学英语学习指导讲义A.docx

医学英语学习指导讲义A.docx

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医学英语学习指导讲义A

UnitOne

WhatIsHealth?

PartOneLead-inActivities

Activity1.Discussiontopicsforclassroom

1．Whatishealthandhowtokeepit?

2．Whatroleshouldadoctorplayinthemaintenanceofhumanhealth?

3．Explainthedefinitionof“health”inyourdictionariesandmakeyouowncommentsonit.

Activity2TermsLearning

1.Studythefollowingwordsandmakeoutpossiblemeaningfullinksamongthemandtrytoformathemeorframeworkoftheunit.

Healthabsenceofillnesscongenitaldefectinfectiousdiseasesinfirmityprolonglife-spanlongevityculpritsvegetativestatewell-being

degenerativediseaseslifestylementalsocialemotionalphysicaldimensional

2.Consultthefollowingtermsinyourdictionarytrytoroleouttheword-forming.

malaria,choleraBubonicplaguemeaslessyphilis

coronaryheartdiseasecancer,strokediabetesatherosclerosiscirrhosis

vegetativestarecomalife-supportsystemslivingdeath.

Activity3ThemePredict

Beforeyoureadthemainbodyofthetext,pleasemakeuseoftheabovecluestothinkaboutthemainthemeofthetextandshareyourideaswithyourclassmatesandteacher.

Nowwestartourreading:

Whatismeantbythetermhealth?

Today’sideasabouthealthareverydifferentfromthoseheldin1890.Howpeoplesawhealththeninfluencedhowtheyledtheirlives.Toseehowwegotwherewearetoday,let’stookbrieflyathowtheconceptofhealthhasevolvedinacentury.

HealthastheAbsenceofIllnessInthepast,apersonwhowasbornwithoutacongenitaldefect,whohadnosymptomsofdisease,andwhowasfreeofdiscomfort,pain,anddisabilitywasconsideredhealthy.Throughoutmostofhistory,thiswasthebestthatonecouldhopefor.Moreoftenthannot,peoplediedfrominfectiousdiseasesthatperiodicallysweptaroundtheworld,ravagingwholepopulations.Bubonicplague,forexample,tookover23millionlivesinEuropeinthefourteenthcentury.Thiswastheworstoutbreakofplagueinhistory,butitwasonlyoneofmorethan100majoroutbreaks,datingbacktobiblicaltimes.WholetribesofNativeAmericanswerewipedoutbyinfectiousdiseasesbroughttothiscountrybyEuropeancolonizers.Noagewasimmunefromtheterrorsofepidemic,whetherofmalaria,measles,syphilis,cholera,orsomeothercontagiousdisease.Nowonderhealthwasdefinedassimplytheabsenceofillness.

Asmedicalsciencebegantounravelthemysteryofthesediseasesandbringthemundercontrol,patternsoflifeanddeathbegantochange.Lifeexpectanciesbegantoriseanddeathratesbegantofall.Notionsabouthealthbegantochange,

Healthaslongevity:

Islongerbetter?

Astheaverageageatdeathrosedramatically,peoplebegantowonderifthehumanlifespancouldbeincreasedindefinitely.Theage-olddreamofsuperlongevity-livingtoaripeoldageof150orso-wasrenewed.Onceantibioticswereintroducedforwidespreaduseinthe1940s,peoplespeculatedthatalldiseasesmightsoonbeconqueredbymodernmedicine.Anageofmedicalmiraclesseemedjustaroundthecorner.Healthbegantobedefinedintermsoflongevity—howlongpeoplecouldexpecttolive.

ExploringYourEmotionsHowdoyoufeelaboutyourhealthnowandinthefuture?

Whatwouldyouridealstateofhealthbeat30,40,50,60,and70yearsofage?

Communicablediseasesyieldedtopublichealthcampaigns,vaccines,andantibiotics.Butthisprogresswasinterruptedwhenadifferentsetofdiseasesemergedasmajorhealththreatsandanewpatternofdeathtookshape.Bythe1930s,degenerativediseaseslikecoronaryheartdisease,cancer,stroke,diabetes,atherosclerosis,andcirrhosisreplacedpneumoniaandinfluenzaastheleadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates.

Degenerativediseasesspawnednewtreatments—openheartsurgery,chemotherapyandradiation,organtransplants,andothers—buttheywerelesssuccessfulthanearlierinnovationshadbeen.Theywerealsoenormouslyexpensiveandraisedawholenewsetofsocialandethicalquestions.Manypeoplebegantoquestionthevalueofsomeofthemostadvancedprocedures,suchasheart-lungtransplants,whichseemtoleadtoincapacitatingstrokes,andlife-supportsystems,whichsometimesareusedtokeeppeoplealiveinapermanentvegetativestate.Merelybeingalive—withminimalphysicalandmentalfunctions,supportedbymachinesorinacoma—wasseeninthesetermsasakindoflivingdeath.

Itbecameapparentthatthebesttreatmentforthenewkillerswasprevention—peopletakingcareoftheirbodiesbeforedegenerationanddiseasecouldsetin.Anumberofhabitsandbehaviorswereidentifiedasculpritsinthedevelopmentofdisease,othersseemedtopromotehealth.ManyofthefactorscontributingtodiseaseturnedouttobepopularaspectsofthelifestyleenjoyedbymanyAmericans—ourdiet,ourworkandplayhabits,ourrecreationalchoices,andtheenvironmentinwhichwelive.We’reincontrolofthesefactors—notourdoctorsorthehealthestablishment.

While-readingactivities

1.Whatarethecongenitaldefects?

Canyounameoutsomeofthem.

2.Whatarethedegenerativediseases?

Pleasenamesomeandexplainwhytheybecomepopular.

3.Whatdoesword“culprit”meaninthetext？

Pleasenamesomesubstitutionwords

Goonyourreadingtothenextsection:

Wellness:

TheNewHealthGoalThefocusonlifestyleandtheroleoftheindividualhashelpedredefinehealth.Nolongerdoweconsiderhealthassimplytheabsenceofdisease,instead,todayweviewhealthasthepresenceofvitalityandoverallwell-being—aconceptknownasoptimalhealth,orwellness.Healthisnotastaticconditionbutratheradynamicprocessthatchangesfromdaytodayandfromyeartoyearwithchangesinourbodiesandminds,ourattitudesandbeliefs,andourhabitsandbehaviors.

Toillustratethechangingconceptofhealth,let’sfirstlookatanaccepteddefinitionofhealthfromthefirstquarterofthiscentury.AhealthtextbookwrittenbyDr.C.E.Turnerin1924statedthathealthisthenormalfunctioningofallpartsofthebody,completephysicalfitness.Nowlet’slookatoneofthebest-knowndefinitionsofhealth.In1942theWorldHealthOrganizationdefinedhealthasastateofcompletephysical,mental,andsocialwell-beingandnotmerelytheabsenceofdiseaseorinfirmity.Whenwecomparethetwodefinitionsweseethataone-dimensionalviewencompassingonlythephysicalbodygavewaytoathree-dimensionalmodel—physical,mental,andsocial.ThenbythefourthquarteroftheCenturymosthealtheducatorswereusingafive-dimensionalmodeltodefinehealth.ThethreedimensionsidentifiedbytheWorldHealthOrganizationwereexpandedtorecognizethespiritualormoraldimension,andtheemotionalandintellectualcomponentsofmentalhealtharealsoacknowledgedasdistinctivehumandimensions.

Physical.Weknowmoreaboutthephysicaldimensionthantheotherfourdimensions.Thetangiblebodyiseasiertostudy,andwehavebeenstudyingitlonger.Itdealswithcells,tissues,organs,andsystemsandtheirfunctions.

Social.Manisasocialcreatureandthequalityofourlifeisverydependentuponthequalityofoutinterpersonalrelationships.Thethingswedoandthewaywefeelphysicallyisinfluencedagreatdealbysocialfactors.Justasstrongmusclesareimportanttophysicalhealth,socialskillssuchaseffectivecommunicationabilityareimportanttosocialhealth.

Emotional.Theterm“mentalhealth”mayincludeboththeemotionalandintellectualdimensions,yeteachissignificantlydifferent.Emotionsareintensefeelingsaccompaniedbyphysicalreactions.Muchofourbehaviorismotivatedbyouremotions.Pooremotionalhealthmayinterferewithanindividual’sabilitytoconcentrateandsolveintellectualpursuits.

Intellectual.Ourabilitytoreasonandtorecallpertinentinformationisassociatedwithourintellectualhealth.ItmaybemeasuredbyI.Q.testsanddemonstratedbyGPAsandACTscores.Itisobjectiveandanalytical.Goodintellectualhealthenablesanindividualtosolveproblemsthatmightotherwisecauseemotionalorsocialdisturbances.

Spiritual.Thespiritualormoraldimensiondistinguishesbetweenrightandwrong,itprovidesthebasisfordeterminingvaluesandethics.Throughthespiritualdimensionwerecognizethattoliveistochange,anditgivesdirectionandpurposetothosechanges.Withoutit,changewillmorelikelybechaoticandregressive.Withit,changewillbeprogressive.Whilereligiousexperiencesmaynourishspiritualgrowthanddevelopment,peoplewithoutsuchexperiencearecertainlynotwithoutaspiritualdimensionthatfosterspersonalgrowthinallofthedimensionsofhealthandwell-being.

Peopleconstantlyfacethetaskofmakingdifficultbutimportantdecisionsaboutcomplexhealthissues.Thistaskismucheasierwhenalldecisionsabouthealtharetiedtoacentralpurposeorphilosophy.Wheneachquestionabouthealthbehaviorisviewedindependently,thedecisionsaremoredifficultandtheresultsarelessconsistent.Thefive-dimensionalconceptofhealthintegratesthevariouscomponentsoflifeintoacompleteandmeaningfulwhole.Aneventthataffectsonedimensionmayalsoaffectotherdimensions.Growthdoesnotalwaysoccurevenly,onedimensionmayexperienceagrowthspurtandanothermayrestonaplateau.Butapersonstrivingtoreachhisorherpotentialwillstriveforqualityinallfivedimensions:

physical,intellectual,emotional,social,andmoral.（1380words）

While-readingActivity2

1.Howdidtheconceptofhealthchangeitsdefinition?

Whatmayliebehindit?

2.Whatarethefivedimensionaldefinitionsabouthealth?

Pleaseexplaintheminyourownwords.

3.“Manisasocialcreatureandthequalityofourlifeisverydependentuponthe