土木工程英语翻译.docx

土木工程英语翻译.docx

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土木工程英语翻译

worktogetherinsituationswhere（在…情况下）bothcompressionandtensionarefactors（主要因素）.Steelrods（钢筋）areembeddedin（埋入）concretetomakereinforcedconcreteinconcretebeamsorstructureswheretensionwilldevelop（出现）.Concreteandsteelalsoformsuchastrongbond-theforcethatunites（粘合）them-thatthesteelcannot

slip（滑移）withtheconcrete.Still（还有）anotheradvantageisthatsteeldoesnotrustinconcrete.Acid（酸）corrodessteel,whereasconcretehasanalkalinechemicalreaction,theoppositeofacid.

Theadoptionofstructuralsteelandreinforcedconcretecausedmajorchangesintraditionalconstructionpractices（施工作业）.Itwasnolongernecessarytousethickwallsofstoneorbrickformultistorybuildings,anditbecamemuchsimplertobuildfire-resistantfloors（防火地面）.Boththesechangesservedto（有利于）reducethecostofconstruction.Italsobecamepossibletoerect（建造）buildingswithgreaterheightsandlongerspans.Sincetheweightofmodernstructuresiscarried（承受）bythesteelorconcreteframe,thewallsdonotsupportthebuilding.Theyhavebecomecurtainwalls,whichkeepouttheweatherandletinlight.Intheearliersteelorconcreteframebuilding,thecurtainwallsweregenerallymadeofmasonry;theyhadthesolidlookofbearingwalls（承重墙）.Today,however,curtainwallsareoftenmadeoflightweightmaterialssuchasglass,aluminum,orplastic,invariouscombinations.

elbymelting（熔化）asteelmaterialbetweenthemunderhighheat.

Prestressedconcreteisanimprovedformofreinforcement（加强方法）.Steelrodsarebentintotheshapestogivethemthenecessarydegreeoftensilestrength.Theyarethenusedtoprestress（对..预加应力）concrete,usuallybyoneoftwodifferentmethods.Thefirstistoleavechannelsinaconcretebeamthatcorrespondto（相应于）theshapesofthesteelrods.Whentherodsarerunthroughthechannels,theyarethenbondedtotheconcretebyfillingthechannelswithgrout,athinmortarorbindingagent.Intheother（andmorecommon）method,theprestressedsteelrodsareplacedinthelowerpartofaform（模板）thatcorrespondstotheshapeofthefinishedstructure（成品结构）,andtheconcreteis

pouredaroundthem.Prestressedconcreteuseslesssteelandlessconcrete.Becauseitissoeconomical,itisahighlydesirable（非常理想）material.Prestressedconcretehasmadeitpossibletodevelop（建造）buildingswithunusualshapes,likesomeofthemodernsportsarenas,withlargespaceunbrokenbyanyobstructingsupports（阻碍的支撑物）.Theusesforthisrelativelynewstructuralmethodareconstantlybeingdeveloped（不断地扩大）.Thecurrenttendencyistodevelop（采用）lightermaterials,aluminum,forexample,weighsmuchlessthansteelbuthasmanyofthesameproperties.Aluminumbeamshavealreadybeenusedforbridgeconstructionandfortheframeworkofafewbuildings.

Lightweightconcretes,anotherexample,arenowrapidlydeveloping（发展）throughouttheworld.Theyareusedfortheirthermalinsulation（绝热性）.Thethreetypesareillustratedbelow（举例说明如下）:

（a）Concretesmadewithlightweightaggregates;（b）Aeratedconcretes（USgasconcretes）foamed（起泡）bywhisking（搅拌）orbysomechemicalprocessduringcasting;（c）No-finesconcretes.

Allthreetypesareusedfortheirinsulatingproperties（绝热性）,mainlyinhousing,wheretheygivehigh（非常）comfortincoldclimatesandalowcostofcooling（降温成本）inhotclimates.Inhousing,therelativeweaknessoflightweightconcretewallsisunimportant,butitmatters（有重大关系）inroofslabs,floorslabsandbeams.

Insomelocations,somelightweightaggregatescostlittlemorethan（几乎等于）thebestdense（致密）aggregatesandalargenumberof（大量）floorslabshavethereforebeenbuiltoflightweightaggregateconcretepurelyforitsweightsaving,withnothoughtof（没考虑）itsinsulationvalue.

Thelightweightaggregatereducesthefloordeadload（恒载）byabout20percentresultingin（导致）considerablesavingsinthefloor（楼盖结构）steelineveryfloorandtheroof,aswellasinthecolumnsteeland（less）inthefoundations.OneLondoncontractor（承包商）preferstouselightweightaggregatebecauseitgiveshimthesameweightreductioninthefloorslabastheuseofhollowtiles,withsimplerorganizationandthereforehigherspeedandprofit.Theinsulationvalueofthelightweightaggregateisonlyimportantintheroofinsulation,whichisgreatlyimproved（改进）.

StructuralAnalysis

Astructureconsistsof（由..组成）aseriesofconnectedpartsusedtosupportloads.Notable（显著的）examplesincludebuildings,bridges,towers,tanks,anddams.Theprocess（过程）ofcreatinganyofthesestructuresrequiresplanning（规划）,analysis,design,andconstruction（施工）.Structuralanalysisconsistsof（包括）avarietyofmathematicalprocedures（数学程序）fordeterminingsuchquantitiesasthememberforcesandvariousstructuraldisplacements（位移）asastructurerespondstoitsloads.Estimatingrealisticloadsforthestructureconsidering（根据）itsuseandlocationisoftenapartofstructuralanalysis.Onlytwoassumptionsaremaderegarding（关于）thematerialsusedinthestructuresofthischapter.First,thematerialhasalinearstress-strainrelationship（线性的应力-应变关系）.Second,thereisnodifferenceinthematerialbehaviorwhenstressedintensionvis-a-vis（与..相比）compression.Theframesandtrussesstudiedareplanestructuralsystems（平面结构体系）.Itwillbeassumedthatthereisadequatebracingperpendicularto（垂直于）theplanesothatnomemberwillfailduetoanelasticinstability（弹性失稳）.Theveryimportantconsiderationregardingsuchinstabilitywillbeleftforthespecific（具体的）designcourse.

Allstructuresareassumedtoundergoonlysmalldeformationsastheyareloaded.Asaconsequence（因此）weassumenochangeinthepositionordirectionofaforceasaresultof（由于）structuraldeflections（变位）.Finally,sincelinearelasticmaterialsandsmalldisplacementareassumed,theprincipleofsuperpositionwillapplyinallcases.Thusthedisplacementsorinternalforcesthatarisefromtwodifferentforcessystemsappliedoneatatime（一次一个）maybeaddedalgebraically（几何相加）todeterminethestructure’sresponsewhenbothsystem（s）areappliedsimultaneously.Intherealsense（真正意义上）anexactanalysisofastructurecanneverbecarriedoutsinceestimatesalwayshavetobemadeoftheloadingsandthestrengthofthematerialscomposing（构成）thestructure.Furthermore,pointsofapplication（作用点）fortheloadingsmustalsobeestimated.Itisimportant,therefore,thatthestructuralengineersdevelop（形成）theabilitytomodel（模拟）oridealize（使..理想化）astructuresothatheorshecanperformapracticalforceanalysisofthemembers.

Structuralmembersarejoinedtogetherinvariouswaysdependingontheintent（意图）ofthedesigner.Thetwotypesofjointsmostoftenspecified（规定的）arethepinconnectionandthefixedjoint（节点）.Apin-connectedjointallowssomefreedomforslight（轻微）rotation,whereasthefixedjointallowsnorelativerotationbetweentheconnectedmembers.Inreality,however,allconnectionsexhibit（显现）somestiffnesstowardjointrotations,owingtofriction（摩擦）andmaterialbehavior.Whenselectingaparticularmodelforeachsupport

（支座）orjoint,theengineermustbeawareofhowtheassumptionswillaffecttheactualperformance（运行）ofthememberandwhethertheassumptionsarereasonableforthestructuraldesign.Inreality,allstructuralsupportsactuallyexert（产生）distributedsurfaceloads（面荷载）ontheircontactingmembers.Theresultants（合力）oftheseloaddistributionsareoftenidealizedastheconcentratedforces（集中力）andmoments,sincethesurfacearea（表面积）overwhichthedistributedloadactsisconsiderablysmallerthanthetotalsurfaceareaoftheconnectingmembers.Theabilitytoreduceanactualstructureto（将..简化为）anidealizedformcanonlybegainedbyexperience.Inengineeringpractice,ifitbecomesdoubtful（不明确）astohowtomodelastructureortransfertheloadstothemembers,itisbesttoconsiderseveralidealizedstructuresandloadingsandthendesigntheactualstructuresothatitcanresist（抵抗）theloadingsinalltheidealizedmodels.

Almostalltrusssystemsareconfigured（装配）sothatanalysisusingthemethodofjointsmustbeginatoneendandproceed（继续）jointbyjointtowardtheotherend.Ifitisnecessarytoevaluatetheforcescarriedbyamemberlocated（位于）somedistancefromtheends,themethodofjointsrequiresthecalculationoftheforcesinmanymembersbeforethedesiredoneisreached.Themethodofsectionsprovidesameans（方法）foradirectcalculationinthesecases.Afterthesupportreactionshavebeencalculatedthetrussiscutthrough（切开）（analytically分析上）sothatonepartofthetrussiscompletelyseveredfromtherest.Whenthisisdone,nomorethanthreeunknownmembersshouldbecut.Ifpossible（如果可能）thecut（切口）shouldpassthroughthememberormemberswhoseinternalforcesaretobefound.Afree-bodydiagramofthepartofthetrussononesideof（在..一边）thissectionisdrawn,andtheinternalforcesarefoundthroughtheequilibriumequations.Sincethesystemofforces（力系）onthefree-bodydiagramisaplanenon-concurrent（非共点）forcesystem,threeequilibriumequationsmaybewrittenandsolvedforthethreeunknowns.

Influencelines（影响线）haveimportantapplicationfor（应用）thedesignofstructuresthatresistlargeliveloads（活荷载）.Aninfluencelinerepresents（代表）thevariationofeitherthereaction,shear,moment,ordeflectionataspecific（特定的）pointinamemberasconcentratedforcemovesoverthemember.Oncethislineisconstructed（作图）,onecantellataglance（一眼便知）wherealiveloadshouldbeplacedonthestructuresothatitcreates（引起）thegreatestinfluenceatthespecifiedpoint.Furthermore,themagnitude（大小）oftheassociated（相关的）reaction,shear,moment,ordeflectionatthepointcanthenbecalculatedfromtheordinates（纵坐标）oftheinfluence-linediagram.Forthesereasons（