英语语言学概论完形填空训练.docx

英语语言学概论完形填空训练.docx

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英语语言学概论完形填空训练

英语语言学概论完形填空训练

Passage1

_______isthescientificstudyoflanguage.Asanacademicdesciplinethedevelopmentofthissubjecthasbeenrecentandrapid,havingbecomeparticularlywidelyknownandtaughtinthe1960s.

Differentbranchesmaybedistinguishedaccordingtothelinguist’sfocusandrangeofinterest.Amajordistinction,introducedbyFerdinanddeSaussure,isbetween_______and_________linguistics,theformerreferringtothestudyoflanguagechange（alsocalled__________linguistics）,thelattertothestudyofthestateoflanguageatanygivenpointintime.Whenitconcentratesonestablishingthefactsofaparticularlanguage,itiscalled___________linguistics.Whenitspurposeisprimarilytoidentifythecommoncharacteristicsofdifferentlanguages,thesubjectgoesundertheheadingof___________linguistics.

Theoverlappinginterestsoflinguisticsandotherdisciplineshaveledtothesettingupofnewbranchesofthesubject,suchas_________,_________,___________,___________andneurolinguistics.

Passage2

Ourcuriosityaboutourselvesandourlanguagehasledtonumeroustheoriesaboutlanguageorigin.

TheideathatlanguagewasGod’s__________tomankindisfoundinreligionsthroughouttheworld.Therearelegendary“experiments”inwhichchildrenwereisolatedinthebeliefthattheirfirstwordswouldrevealthe___________language.

Opposingtheoriessuggestthatlanguageisahuman__________.TheGreeksbelievedthatancient“_________”gavethetruenamestoallthings.Othershavesuggestedthatlanguagedevelopedfrom“_____________ofnature,”or“early___________”oronomatopoeticwords,orevenfrom___________toexpresslove.

Various_________theoriesarenowproposed:

（1）inthecourseof_______boththehumanspeciesandlanguagedeveloped;

（2）manandlanguageoccurredsimutaneouslyandfromthestartthehumananimalwasequippedtolearnlanguage;（3）theevolutionarydevelopmentofthe_______providesomeevidenceforphysiological,anatomic,and“mental”preconditionsforlanguagedevelopment.

Passage3

Everyonehasafairlyclearideaofwhatlanguageis.Butinanyformalstudyitisalwaysusefultodefinethesubjecttoavoidanymisunderstanding.Ifthesubjectisclearly_______,wecanreducethetwo-foldriskofmisdiectingattentiontounrelatedsubjectsontheonehandorexcludingproperpartsofthe________ontheother.

Languagecanbedefinedinvarious_______dependingonthefeaturesonewishestoemphasize.Thesubjectcouldbedefinedbroadlyenoughtoincludeall__________ofcommunicationornarrowlyenoughtofocusonaparticulartypeof__________rules.Amiddlexoursebetweenthesetwo_________islikelytoprovethemostfruitful.

Languageisa__________of___________vocalsybbolsbymeansofwhichthemembersofa___________communitycommunicate,___________,andtransmittheirculture.

Passage4

Thestudyoflanguagebeganinancient________and_________.Theearlieststudiesinlinguisticswerepromarilyconcernedwithphilosophicalquestionsandwithetymology,wordformationandphonetics.

IntheMiddleAges,thespeculativegrammariansoughta_________basisforgrammar.DuringandaftertheRenaissanceviewsoflanguagebecamemorediversified,largelybecauseofincreasedcontactamong________and_________,especiallyaftertheinventionof__________.

Modernlinguisticsmaybedefinedastheperiodoftimebeginninginthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.Themajorlinguisticdiscoveryofthe19thcenturywasthe_______method.Descriptivelinguisticsinthe20thcenturyhasmovedfrom_______linguisticsto________andto____________grammar.

Passage5

Lookingbackward,weseethatEnglishhaspassedthrough________periodsofdevelopment.Thefirstiscalled___________,orAnglo-Saxon,thestageofthelanguagebetweenabout450andabout__________.Thesecondis___________,fromabout1100toabout___________.Thethird,____________（orNewEnglish）,extendsfromabout1500toourowntime;itisthoughtofascomprising__________,approximately1500-1750and____________,fromabout1750on.ThelateststageofMnE（___________ModernEnglish）isusuallyreferredtoasPresent-Day;PDAEmeans“Present-Day__________.”

Passage6

Thescienceofspeechsoundsiscalled________.Itaimstoprovidethesetof_________,orproperties,thatcandescribeallthesoundsusedinhumanlanguage.

Whenwespeak,thephysicalsoundsweproducearecontinuousstretchesof_________,whicharethephysicalrepresentationsofstringsofdiscretelinguisticsegments.

Allhumanspeechsoundsfallintoclassesaccordingtotheirphoneticpropertiesorfeatures;thatis,accordingtohowtheyareproduced.Soundsmaybeeithervoicedor________;oralor__________;labial,alveolar,palatal,velar,uvularor________.

Theymayalsobefricatives,_______,affricates,nasals,________,liquids,glides.Inaddition,vowelsaredistinguishedaccordingtothepositionofthetongueandlips,high,mid,orlowtongue;frontor________tongue;roundedor_______lips.Therearegeneralandregularprocesses（rules）inlanguagesthatutilizetheseclassesofsounds.

Passage7

Avowelmaybedefiendasasoundproducedbypassageofairthroughthe_________cavitywithoutappreciablesstoppageor_________.

The______ofthevowelischieflydeterminedbywhichpartofthe_______ismostraisedandtowhat_________andthepositionofthe_________.Whenthefrontpartofthetongueisraisedtowardthepalate,theresultingsoundsarecalled_________.

InEnglishwhenthebackpartofthetongueisraisedforbackvowelthereisalwaysalso________ofthelips.

Thethirdpossibilityisforthemiddlepartofthetonguetobeclosesttotheroofofthemouth.Englishcentralvowels,likefrontones,are___________.

InEnglish,vowelsaredividedintofront,middle,andback.Thebackvowelsare__________andthefrontvowelsarenot.

Passage8

Toproduce______thereisatleastpartialblocking;thestreamofbreathisinterferredwith.Ifthevocalcordsofthelarynxaremadetoviberate,theaccompanyingsoundsarecalled________consonantswhileifthereisnoviberationtheyaretermed_________.Forthefirstgroupofsoundsthebreathmaybecompletelystoppedforamomentatsomepointintheoralcavity，suchsoundsarecalledexplosives,or_______.

Iftheairisreleasedthrougha________aperture,thesecondtypeofconsonantsounds,calledaspirantor________,istheresult.

Thethirdtypeofsonsonantsounds,thesmoothcontinuants,arew,l,rwhicharewithoutanynoticeable________noise,butinwhichthereissomeinterferencewiththesound.Eitherthetongueorthelipsareinthewayenoughtomodifytheoutputtoagreatextent.

Ifthemouthisclosedoffcompletelyatsomepointbytthenasalpassageisopen,theresultisa________consonant.Thepointwheretheclosureinthemouthismadedetermineswhichtypeofnasalsoundisproduced.

Oneimportantspeechorganisthe________,thespacebetweenthecordsofthelarynxorAdam’sapple.Fromthelinguisticpointofviewthechieffunctionsofthe_______resideintheglottis.

Passage9

Partofone’sknowledgeofalanguageisknowledgeofthe__________system—the__________ofthatlanguage.Thephonologyofthelanguageincludestheinventoryof___________,thephoneticsegmentsthatoccurinthelanguage,andthewaysinwhichtheypattern.Itisthispatterningthatdeterminestheinventoryofthemove__________phonologicalunits,the___________ofthelanguage.Phonemesarethesegmentsusedtodifferentiatebetweenthe___________ofwords.Thesearedistinguishedby___________.Whenphonesoccurin___________,theyare___________——predicablephonetic_______________——ofphonemes.

PassageTen

The__________wasdefinedbythestructuralistsasthesmallestunitofmeaning.Thevariantsofamorphemearecalled____________.Morphemesareeither__________or__________,andboundmorphemesaresubdividedinto___________and___________morphemes.

Morphologyhasonlyrecentlybeenstudiedintensivelywithintransformational-generativegrammar:

ithaspreviouslybeensubsumedunderthedomainsof__________and__________.Therearetwomajortypesofrulesdealingwithmorphology:

___________rulesand___________rules.

PassageEleven

ThetraditionalapproachtolanguagestudycanbetracedbacktotheworkofGreechandRoamnscholars.Thebasictechnique——whichcontinuestobeusedinallmodernapproachestolinguistics——is________analysis.

Inprincipletraditionalgrammarisan_________and_________science,butinpracticeithasoftenbeenassociatedwith_________approachesthatstressthesupposedcorrectnessofcertainconstructionsandincorrectnessofother,oftenonthebasisof_________models.Manymodernlinguistshavethereforecriticizedtraditionalgrammariansforadoptinga__________ratherthandescriptiveapproachtolanguagestudy.Itwouldbeamistake,however,todown-playtheimportanceoftraditionalgrammarsimplybecauseithassometimesbeenputtouseinwaysthatareopentoquestion.Itisimportanttodistinguishbetweenthe_________andaresultingbodyofknowledgeontheonehandandatotallyextraneousattitudeabout“____________”ontheother.Thefactisthattraditionalgrammarhadmuchthesame___________thatarenowproclaimedbymodernlinguists.Modernlinguistsdifferwithtraditionalistsprimarilyinthekindof__________theyuseinworkingtowardthisgoalofaccountingexhaustivelyforthestructureofallpossiblesentencesandintheclaimstheymakeaboutwhatthediagramsrepresent.

PassageTwelve

Semanti