英语二真题及答案.docx

英语二真题及答案.docx

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英语二真题及答案

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语

（二）试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

TheInternetaffordsanonymitytoitsusers,ablessingtoprivacyandfreedomofspeech.Butthatveryanonymityisalsobehindtheexplorationofcyber-crimethathas__1__acrosstheWeb.

Canprivacybepreserved__2__bringingsafetyandsecuritytoaworldthatseemsincreasingly__3__?

Lastmonth,HowardSchmidt,thenation'scyber-czar,offeredthefederalgovernmenta__4__tomakethewebasaferplace-a"voluntarytrustedidentity"systemthatwouldbethehigh-tech__5__ofaphysicalkey,afingerprintandaphotoIDcard,allrolled__6__one.Thesystemmightuseasmartidentitycard,oradigitalcredential__7__toaspecificcomputer,andwouldauthenticateusersatarangeofonlineservices.

Theideaisto__8__afederationofprivateonlineidentitysystems.Userscould__9__whichsystemtojoin,andonlyregistereduserswhoseidentitieshavebeenauthenticatedcouldnavigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanInternetdriver'slicense__10__bythegovernment.

GoogleandMicrosoftareamongcompaniesthatalreadyhavethese"singlesign-an"systemsthatmakeitpossibleforusersto__11__justoncebutusemanydifferentservices.

__12__,theapproachwouldcreatea"walledgarden"incyberspace,withsafe"neighborhoods"andbright"streetlights"toestablishasenseofa__13__community.

Mr.Schmidtdescribeditasa"voluntaryecosystem"inwhich"individualsandorganizationscancompleteonlinetransactionswith__14__,trustingtheidentitiesofeachotherandtheidentitiesoftheinfrastructure___15___whichthetransactionruns."

Still,theadministration'splanhas___16___privacyrightsactivists.Someapplaudtheapproach;othersareconcerned.Itseemsclearthatsuchaschemeisaninitiativepushtowardwhatwould___17___beacompulsoryInternet"driver'slicense"mentality.

Theplanhasalsobeengreetedwith___18__bysomecomputersecurityexperts,whoworrythatthe"voluntaryecosystem"envisionedbyMr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet__19__TheyarguethatallInternetusersshouldbe__20__toregisterandidentifythemselves,inthesamewaythatdriversmustbelicensedtodriveonpublicroads.

1.[A]swept[B]skipped[C]walked[D]ridden

2.[A]for[B]within[C]while[D]though

3.[A]careless[B]lawless[C]pointless[D]helpless

4.[A]reason[B]reminder[C]compromise[D]proposal

5.[A]information[B]interference[C]entertainment[D]equivalent

6.[A]by[B]into[C]from[D]over

7.[A]linked[B]directed[C]chained[D]compared

8.[A]dismiss[B]discover[C]create[D]improve

9.[A]recall[B]suggest[C]select[D]realize

10.[A]released[B]issued[C]distributed[D]delivered

11.[A]carryon[B]lingeron[C]setin[D]login

12.[A]Invain[B]Ineffect[C]Inreturn[D]Incontrast

13.[A]trusted[B]modernized[C]thriving[D]competing

14.[A]caution[B]delight[C]confidence[D]patience

15.[A]on[B]after[C]beyond[D]across

16.[A]divided[B]disappointed[C]protected[D]united

17.[A]frequently[B]incidentally[C]occasionally[D]eventually

18.[A]skepticism[B]tolerance[C]indifference[D]enthusiasm

19.[A]manageable[B]defendable[C]vulnerable[D]invisible

20.[A]invited[B]appointed[C]allowed[D]forced

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text1

RuthSimmonsjoinedGoldmanSachs'boardasanoutsidedirectorinJanuary2000;ayearlatershebecamepresidentofBrownUniversity.Fortherestofthedecadesheapparentlymanagedbothroleswithoutattractingmuchcriticism.Butbytheendof2009Mrs.SimmonswasunderfireforhavingsatonGoldman'scompensationcommittee;howcouldshehaveletthoseenormousbonuspayoutspassunremarked?

ByFebruarythenextyearMrs.Simmonshadlefttheboard.Thepositionwasjusttakinguptoomuchtime,shesaid.

Outsidedirectorsaresupposedtoserveashelpful,yetlessbiased,advisersonafirm'sboard.Havingmadetheirwealthandtheirreputationselsewhere,theypresumablyhaveenoughindependencetodisagreewiththechiefexecutive'sproposals.Ifthesky,andtheshareprice,isfalling,outsidedirectorsshouldbeabletogiveadvicebasedonhavingweatheredtheirowncrises.

TheresearchersfromOhioUniversityusedadatabasethatcoveredmorethan10,000firmsandmorethan64,000differentdirectorsbetween1989and2004.Thentheysimplycheckedwhichdirectorsstayedfromoneproxystatementtothenext.Themostlikelyreasonfordepartingaboardwasage,sotheresearchersconcentratedonthose"surprise"disappearancesbydirectorsundertheageof70.Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasesbynearly20%.Thelikelihoodofbeingnamedinafederalclass-actionlawsuitalsoincreases,andthestockislikelytoperformworse.Theeffecttendedtobelargerforlargerfirms.Althoughacorrelationbetweenthemleavingandsubsequentbadperformanceatthefirmissuggestive,itdoesnotmeanthatsuchdirectorsarealwaysjumpingoffasinkingship.Oftenthey"tradeup,"leavingriskier,smallerfirmsforlargerandmorestablefirms.

Buttheresearchesbelievethatoutsidedirectorshaveaneasiertimeofavoidingablowtotheirreputationsiftheyleaveafirmbeforebadnewsbreak,evenifareviewofhistoryshowsthattheywereontheboardatthetimeanywrongdoingoccurred.Firmswhowanttokeeptheiroutsidedirectorsthroughtoughtimesmayhavetocreateincentives.OtherwiseoutsidedirectorswillfollowtheexampleofMs.Simmons,onceagainverypopularoncampus.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,Ms.Simmonswascriticizedfor__________________.

[A]gainingexcessiveprofits

[B]failingtofulfillherduty

[C]refusingtomakecompromises

[D]leavingtheboardintoughtimes

22.WelearnfromParagraph2thatoutsidedirectorsaresupposedtobe__________________.

[A]generousinvestors

[B]unbiasedexecutives

[C]sharepriceforecasters

[D]independentadvisers

23.AccordingtotheresearchersfromOhioUniversity,afteranoutsidedirector'ssurprise

departure,thefirmislikelyto__________________.

[A]becomemorestable

[B]reportincreasedearnings

[C]dolesswellinthestockmarket

[D]performworseinlawsuits

24.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatoutsidedirectors__________________.

[A]maystayfortheattractiveoffersfromthefirm

[B]haveoftenhadrecordsofwrongdoingsinthefirm

[C]areaccustomedtostress-freeworkinthefirm

[D]willdeclineincentivesfromthefirm

25.Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheroleofoutsidedirectorsis__________________.

[A]permissive[B]positive

[C]scornful[D]critical

Text2

Whateverhappenedtothedeathofnewspapers?

Ayearagotheendseemednear.Therecessionthreatenedtoremovetheadvertisingandreadersthathadnotalreadyfledtotheinternet.NewspapersliketheSanFranciscoChroniclewerechroniclingtheirowndoom.America'sFederalTradeCommissionlaunchedaroundoftalksabouthowtosavenewspapers.Shouldtheybecomecharitablecorporations?

Shouldthestatesubsidizethem?

Itwillholdanothermeetingsoon.Butthediscussionsnowseemoutofdate.

Inmuchoftheworldthereislittlesignofcrisis.GermanandBrazilianpapershaveshruggedofftherecession.EvenAmericannewspapers,whichinhabitthemosttroubledcomeroftheglobalindustry,havenotonlysurvivedbutoftenreturnedtoprofit.Notthe20%profitmarginsthatwereroutineafewyearsago,butprofitallthesame.

Ithasnotbeenmuchfun.Manypapersstayedafloatbypushingjournalistsoverboard.TheAmericanSocietyofNewsEditorsreckonsthat13,500newsroomjobshavegonesince2007.Readersarepayingmoreforslimmerproducts.Somepapersevenhadthenervetorefusedeliverytodistantsuburbs.Yetthesedesperatemeasureshaveprovedtherightonesand,sadlyformanyjournalists,theycanbepushedfurther.

Newspapersarebecomingmorebalancedbusinesses,withahealthiermixofrevenuesfromreadersandadvertisers.Americanpapershavelongbeenhighlyunusualintheirrelianceonads.Fully87%oftheirrevenuescamefromadvertisingin2008,accordingtotheOrganizationforEconomicCooperation&Development（OECD）.InJapantheproportionis35%.Notsurprisingly,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestable.

Thewhirlwindthatsweptthroughnewsroomsharmedeverybody,butmuchofthedamagehasbeenconcentratedinareaswherenewspapersareleastdistinctive.Carandfilmreviewershavegone.Sohavescienceandgeneralbusinessreporters.Foreignbureaushavebeensavagelycutoff.Newspapersarelesscompleteasaresult.Butcompletenessisnolongeravirtueinthenewspaperbusiness.

26.Bysaying"Newspaperslike…theirowndoom"（Line3,Para.1）,theauthorindicatesthatnewspapers________________.

[A]neglectedthesignofcrisis[B]failedtogetstatesubsidies

[C]werenotcharitablecorporations[D]wereinadesperatesituation

27.Somenewspapersrefuseddeliverytodistantsuburbsprobablybecause________________.

[A]readersthreatenedtopayless

[B]newspaperswantedtoreducecosts

[C]journalistsreportedlittleabouttheseareas

[D]subscriberscomplainedaboutslimmerproducts

28.ComparedwiththeirAmericancounterparts,Japanesenewspapersaremuchmorestablebecaus