届高三英语 阅读专题 主旨大意题教案.docx

届高三英语 阅读专题 主旨大意题教案.docx

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届高三英语阅读专题主旨大意题教案

湖南省长沙县实验中学2013届高三英语阅读专题：

主旨大意题教案

高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题，旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意，并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。

要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章的中心情节，体会作者的主要意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。

在高考阅读理解中，针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下：

（1）.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

/Whatisthetopicofthetext?

（2）.Themaintopic/subjectofthepassageis_________.

（3）.Themainidea/Thegeneralideais/Themainthemeofthispassageis…

（4）.Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison_________.

（5）.Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?

（6）.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

（7）What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?

（8）Thepurposeofthispassageis.

（9）.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?

（10）Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizedthepassage?

（11）Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.

解题技巧

一．怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意——主题句定位法主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：

开头、中间、结尾（含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句）。

因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。

做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法（skimming），浏览时，一般不需逐句细读，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。

1.中心主题句出现在文首。

开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。

（先提出观点，后举例论证）

例题：

（2008年全国高考—重庆卷E篇）

Inmodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.Somevalueithighly,believingthatitisresponsibleforsocialprogressandprosperity.Otherssaythatcompetitionisbad;thatitsetsonepersonagainstanother;thatitleadstounfriendlyrelationshipbetweenpeople.

…

71.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Competitionhelpstosetupself-respect.

B.Opinionsaboutcompetitionaredifferentamongpeople.

C.Competitionisharmfultopersonalqualitydevelopment.

D.Failuresarenecessaryexperienceincompetition.

2.主题句出现在文尾。

在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。

（细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后）

例题2：

OntheInternet,wecanreadnewsathomeandabroadandgetasmuchinformationaswecan.Weoftensende-mailsormaketelephonecallstoourfamiliesaswellastoourfriendsbyInternet.What’smore,wecangotoschoolonthenet,readalotofbooksandeventeachourselvesforeignlanguages.Wealsoenjoymusic,watchballmatchesonthenetandplaycomputergames.Withthehelpofthenet,wecandoshoppingevenwithoutleavingourhomes.TheInternetisplayingamoreandmoreimportantpartinourdailylife.

1.What’sthemainideaofthepassage?

A.KeepawayfromtheInternet.

B.Surfthenet.

C.TheInternetisplayinganimportantpartinourdailylife.

D.WecanentertainourselvesontheInternet.

3.主题句出现在文首和文尾，首尾呼应。

（为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题）

例题：

Lacrosse（曲棍球）isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainforwar.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.

Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross”.Theplayerhitaballintothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheballatahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.

TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthelacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.

AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.

1.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B.LacrosseinCanada

C.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse—APopularGameinCanada

4.主题句出现在文章的中间。

通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。

例题：

（2008年全国高考—江苏卷C篇）

TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals.

Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:

theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.

…

67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders_______.

A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestival

B.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestival

C.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestival

D.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival

5.中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。

根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。

（先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。

该类型的试题则迎刃而解）

例题1：

（2008年全国高考—安徽卷C篇）

Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.NobodyknowsexactlywhenthepracticestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed（无武器的）handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincitiesbegantoclapeachother’shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedintoshakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother.“Let’sshake（hands）onit”sometimesmeansagreementreached.

DotheEuropeansshakehandswherevertheygoandwithwhomevertheymeet?

No.SometimestheChineseabroadreachouttheirhandstoooftentobepolite.Itisreallyveryimpolitetogiveyourhandwhentheotherparty,especiallywhenitisawoman,showslittleinterestinshakinghandswithyouandwhenthemeetingdoesnotmeananythingtohimor-her.Evenif,forpoliteness,heholdsouthisunwillinghandinanswertoyouruninvitedhand,justtouchitslightly.Thereisgenerallyamisunderstanding（误解）amongtheChinesethatwesternersareusuallyopenandstraightforward,whiletheChineseareratherreserved（保守的）inmanner.ButinfactsomepeopleinwesterncountriesmorereservedthansomeChinesetoday.Soitisagoodideatoshakehandswithawesterneronlywhenheshowsinterestinfurtherrelationswithyou.

65.Thefirstparagraphmainlytellsus______.

A.wherehandshakingwasfirstpractised

B.howhandshakingcameabout

C.abouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtrade

D.aboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina

67.Themainpurposeofthetextis______.

A.totellussomedifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWest

B.toofferussomeimportantfactsabouthandshaking

C.tointroduceustosomedifferentcustomsintheWest

D.togiveussomeadvicebeforewetravelabroad

例题2：

（2008年全国高考—山东卷A篇）

LastAugust,JoeandMaryMahoneybeganlookingatcollegesfortheir17-year-olddaughter,Maureen.Withachecklistofcriteriainhand,theDallasfamilylookedaroundthecountryvisitinghalfadozenschools.Theysoughtauniversitythatofferedtheteenager’sintendedmajor,onelocatedneatalargecity,andacampuswheretheirdaughterwouldbesafe.

“Thesafetyissueisabigone,”saysJoeMahoney,whoquicklydiscoveredhewasn’taloneinhisworries.Oncampustoursotherparentsvoicedsimilarconcerns,andthesamequestionwasalwaysasked:

whataboutcrime?

Butwhencollegeofficialsalwaysgavethesameanswer——“That’snotaproblemhere,”——Mahoneybegantofeeluneasy.

“Nocrimewhatsoever?

”commentsMahoneytoday.“Ijustdon’tbuyit.”Norseriouscrimesonoraroundourcampuses.“Parentsneedtounderstandthattimeshavechangedsincetheywenttocollege,”saysDavidNichols,authorofCreatingaSafeCampus.“Campuscrimemirrorstherestofthenation.”

Butgettingaccurateinformationisn’teasy.Collegesmustreportcrimestatistics（统计数字）bylaw,butsomeholdbackforfearofbadpublicity,leavingthehonestoneslookingdangerous.“Thetruthmaynotalwaysbeserious,”warmsS.DanielCarterofSecurityonCampus,Inc.,thenation’sleadingcampussafetywatchdoggroup.

Tohelpconcernedparents,Carterpromisedtovisitcampusesandtalktoexpertsaroundthecountrytofindoutmajorcrimeissuesandeffectivesolutions.

60.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.ExactcampuscrimestatisticsB.Crimesonoraroundcampuses

C.EffectivesolutionstocampuscrimeD.Concernsaboutkids’campussafety

二．怎样选择或拟定文章的标题-----先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定标题。

要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。

一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。

要避免下列三种情况：

1概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；

2过度概括（多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥）；

3以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。

例题1：

（2008年全国高考—江西卷A篇）

Hewishestheholidayseasonwouldendalready.Hisbackaches,hisredsuitfeelslikeaspacesuit,hischeekshavegonetightfromsmilingfor12hours…

Thequestionsfromchildrenthesedaysareharderthanever.Now,withthousandsofchildrenexpectingafatherormotherservinginIraqorAfghanistan,thequestionsareasheart-breakingastheyareunanswerable.Forexample,“CanyoupleasebringDaddyhomefromthewarintimeforChristmasmorning?

”

Santasalsohaveaprettygoodchanceofgettingsued（指控）…

59．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A．Christmas:

NotaGoodFestivalforSantasB．IsSantaClausReallyAlive?

C．AChristmasStoryD．WhatDoesSantaClausDoforChildren?

例题2：

（2008年全国卷IIIA篇）

Everyyearonmybirthday,fromthetimeIturned12,awhitegardeniawasdeliveredtomyhouse.NocardcamewithitCallstotheflower-shopwerenothelpfulatall.AfterawhileIstoppedtryingtodiscoverthesender’snameandjustdelightedinthebeautifulwhiteflo