译林牛津版高中英语必修5Unit1非谓语动词不定式与动名词附答案.docx
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译林牛津版高中英语必修5Unit1非谓语动词不定式与动名词附答案
非谓语动词(动词不定式+动名词)
学习目标
1.Tounderstandthefunctionandpartofspeechofverb-ingandtoinfinitive.
2.Tolearntouseverb-ingandtoinfinitivecorrectly.
课前导学
阅读课本P8-10后,填空
1.非谓语动词的分类:
__________;__________;__________
2.Thecontinuousformofto-infinitive(不定式的进行式)is__________.
Theperfectformofto-infinitive(不定式的完成式)is__________.
3.一些动词后跟动名词和不定式意义区别较大,列举这些动词及动词短语是:
_______________________________________________________________________.
课堂探究
1.概述:
在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词。
.动词一般在句子中充当谓语.动词的非谓语形式在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分,非谓语动词有动词不定式(theInfinitive);动名词(theGerund);现在分词(thePresentParticiple);过去分词
(thePastParticiple)。
1不定式—主、表、宾、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状2动名词—主、表、宾、定、同位语
3分词—表、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状
I动词不定式:
(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
一、不定式的形式:
主动
被动
一般式
todo
tobedone
进行式
tobedoing
/
完成式
tohavedone
tohavebeendone
完成进行式
tohavebeendoing
/
否定式:
not/never+(to)do
1.一般式—(to)+动原:
所表示的动作或状态与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后。
eg.1)Heseemstoknowalot.Thepolicemanmadethethiefstandinthecorner.
2)Theplayissaidtobemadeintoafilmsoon.Thepatientaskedtobeoperatedonatonce.
2.进行式—tobe+现分:
表示谓语动作或状态发生时,不定式动作正在进行。
(常用于★seem,appear,happen,pretend,besupposed,beconsidered/bebelieved,bereported,besaid,beknown等动词的结构中)
eg.)Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.=Theboypretendedthathe…
3.完成式-tohave+过分:
表示非谓语动词的动作或状态发生在谓语动作之前.
eg.)Theyarebelievedtohavefoundacureforcancer.
Thenovelissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoseveralforeignlanguages.
=Itissaidthatthenovelhasbeentranslatedinto….
4.完成进行式—表示该动作或状态发生在谓语动作之前,而又延续到谓语动作发生后.
eg.)Heissaidtohavebeenstudyingabroad,butIdon’tknowwhichcountryheisstudyingin.
Hepretendedtohavebeenstudying.
二、不定式的句法功能:
2.作主语:
eg.)Todevelopfriendshipwithothersiswhatwewant.Toloseheartmeansfailure.
【注1】在现代英语中,常用it作形式主语,如:
Itishisdutytomanagethecompany.
【注2】在感叹句和疑问句中只能用it作形式主语,如:
Whatgreatfunitistoswiminapooloralake!
【注3】在这种结构中,如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,要在不定式短语前加上一个的短语forsb./ofsb.的短语(不定式的复合结构):
It+be+adj./n.+forsb.todosth.
It+be+adj.+ofsb.todosth.=sb.be+adj.+todosth.(★常见形容词:
clever,silly,foolish,stupid,wise,rude,impolite,careless,cruel,crazy,etc.)
eg.)It’snecessaryforustohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.
Itisfoolishofyoutomakesuchamistake.=Youarefoolishtomakesuchamistake.
2.作表语:
eg.)Herwishistobecomeanovelist.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.
Theonlythinghecoulddowas(to)tellthetruth.
【注1】Heistotidyuptheroom.表示时态(将来时)Hisplanistotidyuptheroom.表示主语的具体内容
【注2】动名词和不定式在句中作表语的区别:
1)Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.一般情况下,区别不大,可通用
2)动名词表示的动作较抽象、习惯性的、经常性的,不定式表示某次具体的或将来的动作.
eg.)Myjobistypingpapers.Myjobnowistotypethesepapers.
3.作宾语:
A.动词+to不定式:
★常见动词:
hope,wish,long,want,wait,refuse,pretend,promise,agree,aim,decide,determine,expect,offer,fail,plan,learn,manage,intend,desire,happen,ask,demand,afford,arrange,dare,claim(声称),hesitate,etc.
eg.)Ilongedtobecomeanartist.
B.动词+(间接宾语)+疑问词+to不定式:
常见动词:
know,decide,wonder,learn,remember,understand,etc.
eg.)Idon’tknowwhattosaytocomforther.
C.动词+it(作形式宾语)+宾语补足语+(forsb.)+to不定式:
常见动词:
find,consider,think,make,feel,etc.
eg.)IthinkitimportantforyoutorecitesomeEnglisharticles.
D.介词but,except后可接不定式作宾语。
eg.)Ihavenochoicebut_______(stay)here.Hedidnothingbut______(repair)hisbike.
4.作宾语/主语补足语:
A.动词/动词词组+宾语+to不定式
★常见动词:
want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,allow,permit,help,get,advise,forbid,persuade,cause,force,warn,invite,urge,encourage,prepare,callon,appealto,wouldlike,waitfor,invite,etc.
eg.)Igotthemtojoinusinthediscussion.
B.动词+宾语+不带to的不定式
★常用动词:
feel(一感);hear,listento(二听);make,let,have(三让);see,watch,observe,notice,lookat(五看);help(半帮助,可带to或不带to)etc.eg.)Isawthecardisappearinthedistance.
【注1】但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to.
eg.)Hewasseentoenterthebuildingaboutthetimethecrimewascommitted.
比较:
Isawhimcrosstheroad.被:
Hewasseen________theroad.
Isawhimcrossingtheroad.被:
Hewasseen________theroad.
Isawhimcarrieddownstairs.被:
Hewasseen________downstairs.
【注2】介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
Withalotofproblemstosettle,hefeltworried..
5.作定语:
(考点集中在动词不定式与被修饰词的逻辑关系的判断上)
A.与被修饰名词构成动宾关系:
eg.)Hehasalargefamilytosupport.
【注1】如果不定式是vi,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等其后应有适当的介词.
如:
Heisapleasantcolleaguetoworkwith.
Ineedabookcasetoputmybooksin.=Ineed…inwhichtoputmybooks.
Hefoundagoodhouseto_________.Whatdidyouopenit____?
【注2】如果不定式修饰time,place,way,可以省略介词:
eg.)Hehasnoplace______(居住).Thisisthebestway(解答这道题)
【注3】如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语,不定式就用被动语态表示。
Wherearethethingstobetakentoher?
比较:
Iamgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealetter______(post).
Iamgoingtothepostoffice.Doyouhaveanyletter_________(post)?
B.与被修饰名词构成主谓关系:
eg.)Heisalwaysthefirst____andthelast______.(他总是第一个来,最后一个走)
Hewasthesecondmantobeawardedtheprize.
C.说明所修饰名词的内容,即与被修饰名词构成同位关系:
eg.)Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework.Hemadeanattempttostandup.
【注4】以即将发生的动作修饰事物时,可用不定式作定语,如:
Areyougoingtothedance_______(hold)nextweek?
Hewillwritemorenovelsintheyears______(come).
6.作状语:
A.表目的:
eg.)Heworkeddayandnight________(偿还债务)
【注1】不定式逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
(下列两句判断正误)
Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.()Tosave…,hehastriedeverymeans.()
改错:
Tosucceedinascientificexperiment,carefulnessisneeded. __________________
【注2】inorderto可放在句首,soasto不可;当不定式是tobe/tohave或否定式时,一般用inorderto/soas
to,如:
Mothercameinquietlyinordernottowakethesleepingson.
Shegotupearlysoastobethefirsttoarrive.
B.表原因:
(常用形容词:
glad,sorry,disappointed,pleased,etc.)
eg.)Theywereveryexcitedtohearthenewsthattheirteamhadwonthegame.
C.表结果:
用于(only/never)to,…enoughto,so/such…asto,too…to结构中
eg.)Whathashesaidtomakeyouannoyed?
Hehurriedtothestationonly______(find)/only______(tell)thatthetrainhadleft.
Helefthishometownduringthewar,never_______(hear)fromagain.
Thepatientisstrongenoughtowalkabout.
Heisnotsuchafool/sofoolishastothinkthatthesuncanrisefromthewest.
too…to…结构:
Theboyistooyoungtodresshimself.
【注3】对少数几个表示心情或倾向的形容词,如:
glad,ready,pleased,willing,anxious,happy,satisfied,etc.用于too…to…结构时表示肯定意义。
eg.)Iamonly/but/justtoo=__________gladtodoyouthefavor.
7.作插入语,独立成分:
★常见插入语:
totell(you)thetruth/tobefrank(honest);tostart/beginwith;toconclude;tomakemattersworse;tobemoreexact确切地讲;tomakealongstoryshort长话短说,简而言之;tobefair公平地说,凭心而论;tobesure肯定地,毫无疑问地;toputitanotherway换句话说
【附1】在“形容词+不定式”结构中,如不定式与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,那么不定式多用主动语态.★常见形容词:
hard,difficult,easy,simple,fit,cheap,expensive,interesting,etc.
eg.)Thecouchiscomfortabletositon.=Itiscomfortabletositonthecouch.
Thesentenceiseasytoexplain.Theteaisbittertotaste.
【附2】不定式符号的省略与保留:
★1在hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldrather…than…,cannot(help/choose)but,why(not)等结构后面的不定式
符号to通常被省略。
2.如主语部分含有动词do,则作表语的不定式可省略toeg.)WhatIwanttodois(to)runanightschool.
3.两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略;如果表示对比关系,则不定式符号to通常保留。
eg.)Theydidn’ttellmewhethertogoonortostop.(对比关系)
Shetoldthechildtostaythereandwaittillshecameback.(并列关系)
【附3】不定式符号后面动词的省略与保留
★不定式作宾语补足语时,省略to后的动词部分,即用to代替整个不定式.
eg
(1)Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreetbuthismothertoldhimnotto
★如不定式带有系动词be或助动词have,则须保留be或have.
eg.)---Areyouateacher?
---No,butIusedtobe.
---Sorry,Ihaven’tfinishedmyworkyet?
---Well,yououghttohave.
II动名词(TheGerund)—动名词既具有动词的一些特征(如有完成式和被动语态,可以有自己的宾语和状语.),又具有名词的句法功能,在句中作主、宾、表和定语。
一、动名词的形式:
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
writing
beingwritten
完成式
havingwritten
havingbeenwritten
1)一般式:
Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.
2)被动式:
Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited.
3)完成式:
Headmittedhavingstolenthecar.
4)完成被动式:
HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.
5)否定式:
not+动名词Iregretnothavingfollowedhisadvice.Sheisnervousforhavingneverspokeninpublic.
6)动名词的复合结构:
带有逻辑主语的动名词;可作主语、宾语、表语相当于相应的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。
A)物主代词或名词所有格+动名词(作主语、宾语、表语)
B)代词宾格或名词普通格+动名词(作宾语、表语)
eg.)Theboy’snothavingdonethehomeworkmadehisfatherlosehistemper.
Isuggestthem/theirhavingtheireyesexamined.=Isuggestthey_________theireyesexamined.
Whatangeredmemostwasthestudents(’)failingtofulfilltheirduties.
注意:
若动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的东西,只用普通格:
eg.)Thenewsofthenewhotelcatchingfireshockedeveryone.
=Thenewsthatthenewhotelcaughtfireshockedeveryone.
IsthereanypossibilityofthefilmbeingtriedoutinParisInternationalFestival?
二、动名词的句法功能:
1.作主语eg.)Readingbooksmakesonewise.Collectingstampsisreallyfun.
It’snousequarreling.Beingpunishedmadethestudentloseinterestinhisstudy.
Beingexposedtotoomuchsunlightdoesgreatharmtoourskin.
①与不定式区别:
动名词作主语表示经常性、习惯性的抽象动作;不定式作主
语表示具体的特别是将来的动作。
eg.)Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.Tofinishtheworkinaweekisimpossible.
★②常用it作形式主语:
限于名词:
good,use,fun或形容词:
good,nice,interesting,useless,etc.
eg.)It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.It’snogood(you/your)quarrellingwithsuchabad-temperedperson.
③用于结构:
Thereisnodoingsth.无法/不可能做某事Nodoing.
★haveagood(hard)time/difficulty/problem/trouble/fun/pleasure(in)doingsth.(Thereisnopoint/sense/harm(in)doingsth.)
2.作表语:
(be,remain,taste,sound,smell等link-v.后)
eg.)Intheantcity,theque