高考英语阅读理解精英训练精品题14及答案 高考.docx
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高考英语阅读理解精英训练精品题14及答案高考
2014高考英语阅读理解精英训练精品题（14）及答案
PassageTwenty-eight（ChemistryandBiology）
Aboutacenturyago,theSwedishphysicalscientistArrheniusproposedalowofclassicalchemistrythatrelateschemicalreactionratetotemperature.Accordingtohisequation,chemicalreactionsareincreasinglyunlikelytooccurastemperatureapproachesabsolutezero,andatabsolutezero,reactionsstop.However,recentexperimentevidencerevealsthatalthoughtheArrheniusequationisgenerallyaccurateindescribingthekindofchemicalreactionthatoccursatrelativelyhightemperature,attemperaturesclosertozeroaquantum-mechanicaleffectknownastunnelingcomesintoplay;thiseffectaccountsforchemicalreactionsthatareforbiddenbytheprinciplesofclassicalchemistry.Specifically,entiremoleculescantunnelthroughthebarriersofrepulsiveforcesfromothermoleculesandchemicallyreacteventhoughthesemoleculesdonothavesufficientenergy,accordingtoclassicalchemistry,toovercometherepulsivebarrier.
Therateofanychemicalreaction,regardlessofthetemperatureatwhichittakesplace,usuallydependsonaveryimportantcharacteristicknownasitsactivationenergy.Anymoleculecanbeimaginedtoresideatthebottomofaso-calledpotentialwellofenergy.Schemicalreactioncorrespondstothetransitionofamoleculefromthebottomofonepotentialwelltothebottomofanother.Inclassicalchemistry,suchatransitioncanbeaccomplishedonlybygoingoverthepotentialbarrierbetweenthewell,theheightofwhichremainconstantandiscalledtheactivationenergyofthereaction.Intunneling,thereactingmoleculestunnelfromthebottomofonetothebottomofanotherwellwithouthavingtoriseoverthebarrierbetweenthetwowells.Recentlyresearchershavedevelopedtheconceptoftunnelingtemperature:
thetemperaturebelowwhichtunnelingtransitionsgreatlyoutnumberArrheniustransitions,andclassicalmechanicsgiveswaytoitsquantumcounterpart.
Thistunnelingphenomenonatverylowtemperaturessuggestedmyhypothesisaboutacoldprehistoryoflife:
formationofrathercomplexorganicmoleculesinthedeepcoldofouterspace,wheretemperaturesusuallyreachonlyafewdegreesKelvin.Cosmicraysmighttriggerthesynthesisofsimplemolecules,suchasinterstellarformaldehyde,indarkcloudsofinterstellardust.Afterwardcomplexorganicmoleculeswouldbeformed,slowlybutsurely,bymeansoftunneling.AfterIofferedmyhupothesis,HoyleandWickramashinghearguedthatmoleculesofinterstellarformaldehydehaveindeedevolvedintostablepolysaccharidessuchascelluloseandstarch.Theirconclusions,althoughstronglydisputed,havegeneratedexcitementamonginvestigatorssuchasmyselfwhoareproposingthatthegalacticcloudsaretheplaceswheretheprebiologicalevolutionofcompoundsnecessarytolifeoccurred.
1. Theauthorismainlyconcernedwith
[A].describinghowtheprinciplesofclassicalchemistryweredeveloped.
.initiatingadebateaboutthekindsofchemicalreactionrequiredforthedevelopmentoflife.
[C].explaininghowcurrentresearchinchemistrymayberelatedtobroaderbiologicalconcerns.
[D].clarifyinginherentambiguitiesinthelawsofclassicalchemistry.
2. Inwhichofthefollowingwaysarethementionedchemicalreactionsandtunnelingreactionsalike?
[A].Inboth,reactingmoleculeshavetoriseoverthebarrierbetweenthetwowells.
.Inbothtypesofreactions,atransitionismadefromthebottomofonepotentialwelltothebottomofanother.
[C].Inbothtypesofreactions,reactingmoleculesareabletogothroughthebarrierbetweenthetwowells.
[D].Inneithertypeofreactiondoestherateofachemicalreactiondependonitsactivationenergy.
3. Theauthor’sattitudetowardthetheoryofacoldprehistoryoflifecanbestbedescribedas
[A].neutral. .skeptical.
[C].mildlypositive. [D].verysupportive.
4. WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthehypothesisofHoyleandWickramasinghe?
[A].Moleculesofinterstellarformaldehydecanevolveintocomplexorganicmolecules.
.Interstellarformaldehydecanbesynthesizedbytunneling.
[C].Cosmicrayscandirectlysynthesizecomplexorganicmolecules.
[D].Thegalacticcloudsaretheplaceswhereprebilogicalevolutionofcompoundsnecessarytolifeoccurred.
Vocabulary
1. Arrheniusequation 阿雷尼厄斯方程式
2. Arrhennius（SvanteAugust） 1859——1927瑞典理化学家。
1903年获诺贝尔化 学奖
3. quantum-mechanicaleffect 量子机械效应
4. quantummechanic 量子力学
5. tunnel 挖隧道。
这里指贯穿势垒
6. tunnelthrough,onto 穿到……进到，贯穿
7. repulsive 排斥
8. activationenergy 活化能量
9. formaldehyde 甲醛
10. polysaccharide 多糖醇，聚合酶
11. cellulose 纤维素
12. starch 淀粉
13. galactic 银河的，巨大的
14. comeintoplay 开始活动/起作用
难句译注
1. However,recentexperimentevidencerevealsthatalthoughtheArrheniusequationisgenerallyaccurateindescribingthekindofchemicalreactionthatoccursatrelativelyhightemperature,attemperaturesclosertozeroaquantum-mechanicaleffectknownastunnelingcomesintoplay;thiseffectaccountsforchemicalreactionsthatareforbiddenbytheprinciplesofclassicalchemistry.
2. Specifically,entiremoleculescantunnelthroughthebarriersofrepulsiveforcesfromothermoleculesandchemicallyreacteventhoughthesemoleculesdonothavesufficientenergy,accordingtoclassicalchemistry,toovercometherepulsivebarrier.
3. Recentlyresearchershavedevelopedtheconceptoftunnelingtemperature:
thetemperaturebelowwhichtunnelingtransitionsgreatlyoutnumberArrheniustransitions,andclassicalmechanicsgiveswaytoitsquantumcounterpart.
写作方法与文章大意
文章论述了“贯穿势垒效应”，采用对比手法。
先是经典化学定理和贯穿势垒效应之比较。
说明两者使用的温度界限不同。
低温时贯穿势垒效应作用取代经典力学。
最后贯穿势垒现象和生活领域之关系。
答案祥解
1. C.说明现在化学研究如何能和更广泛的生物学领域有关。
最后一段基本上都是谈与生化的关系。
“极低温时的贯穿势垒现象证明我对寒冷的史前生命的假说：
在外层空间极其寒冷处，温度一般只有K的几度光景，有相当复杂的有机分子形成。
宇宙射线可能激发诸如星际甲醛单分子在星际尘埃的乌云中综合。
以后，复杂的有机分子，慢慢的，但稳定的通过贯穿势垒的方式形成。
”后又有两位化学家提出“星际甲醛分子确实进化为类似纤维素和淀粉等多糖酶。
”他们的结论虽有争议，却实在令人振奋，特别是文章之作者，因为他正提出“巨大的云块这些地方，发生过生命所必须的前生物进化化合物。
”
A.描述经典化学定理如何发展。
B.开展一场有关生命进化所需的那种化学反应的辩论。
C.搞清楚经典化学定理所固有的模糊点。
2. B.两类反应中，都有一个从一个势阱底部到另一个势阱底部的跃迁。
见第二段第三句起“化学反应跟分子从一个势阱的底部到另一个势阱的底部的跃迁相类似。
在经典化学中，这种跃迁只有跨过两阱之间势垒才能完成。
位垒之高度为常数（固定不变）。
这种跃迁叫做能量活化。
在贯穿势垒效应中作反应的分子从一个势阱的底部通到另一个势阱底部不需要上升跨越两阱之间的位垒。
”
A.两类反应中，反应中的分子都需跨越两阱间的栏栅。
C.两类反应中，反应中的分子都能穿过两阱之间的位垒。
D.两类反应中，没有一种化学反应的速率取决于能量活化。
这三项都不对，见上文。
3. C.有点肯定。
见第1题答案注释译文。
因为证实了作者之假设。
A.中立。
B.怀疑的。
D.非常支持。
4. A.星际甲醛分子可以进化到复杂的有机分子。
见第1题C答案注释译文。
B.星际甲醛分子可以通过贯穿势垒方式加以综合。
C.宇宙射线可以直接综合复杂的有机分子。
D.大块云团是生命所需复合物前生物进化发生的地方。
这三项也可从第1题C答案注译译文看出其错误点。
阅读理解-------B
AsanexperiencedphotojournalistinNashville,Tennessee,Iwashiredby
USATodaynewspapertophotographaspinalbifida（脊柱畸形）correctivesurgicalprocedure.Itwastobeperformedonatwenty-oneweekoldfetus（胎儿）inuterus（子宫）atVanderbiltUniversityMedicalCenter.Atthattime,in1999,twenty-oneweeksinuteruswastheearliestthatthesurgicalteamwouldconsiderforsurgery.Theworstpossibleoutcomewouldbethatthesurgerywouldcauseprematuredelivery,andnochildbornearlierthantwenty-threeweekshadsurvived.
Thetensioncouldbefeltintheoperatingroomasthesurgerybegan.AtypicalC-sectionincision（切口）wasmadetoaccesstheuterus,whichwasthenliftedoutandlaidatthejunctionofthemother’sthighs（大腿）.Theentireprocedurewouldtakeplacewithintheuterus,andnopartofthechildwastobreachthesurgicalopening.Duringtheprocedure,thepositionofthefetuswasadjustedbygentlymanipulating（熟练操作）theoutsideoftheuterus.Theentiresurgicalprocedureonthechildwascompletedinonehourandthirteenminutes.Whenitwasover,thesurgicalteambreathedasighofrelief,asdidI.
AsadoctoraskedmewhatspeedoffilmIwasusing,outofthecornerofmyeyeIsawtheuterusshake,butnoone’shandswerenearit.Itwasshakingfromwithin.Suddenly,anentirearmthrustoutoftheopening,thenpulledbackuntiljustalittlehandwasshowing.Thedoctorreachedoverandliftedthehand,whichreactedandsqueezedthedoctor’sfinger.Asiftestingforstrength,thedoctorshookthetinyfist.Samuelheldfirm.Itookthepicture!
Wow!
Ithappenedsofastthatthenursestandingnexttomeasked,“Whathappened?
”“Thechildreachedout,”Isaid.“Oh.Theydothatallthetime,”sheresponded.
ThesurgicalopeningtotheuteruswasclosedandtheuteruswasthenputbackintothemotherandtheC-sectionopeningwasclosed.
ItwastendaysbeforeIknewifthepicturewaseveninfocus.Toensurenodigitalmanipulationofimagesbeforetheyseethem,USATodayrequiresthatfilmbesubmitted（提交）unprocessed.Whenthephotoeditorfinallyphonedmehesaid,“It’sthemostincrediblepictureI’veeverseen.”
46.In1999,peoplebelievedthatitwas________.
A.possibleforafetus21weeksborntosurvive
B.likelyforafetusborn21weekstobecomedeformed（畸形的）
C.righttimeforafetusborn21weekstoreceiveanoperation
D.riskyforafetus21weeksinuterustoreceiveanoperation
47.Fromthesecondparagraph,wecanseethatthesurgerywas________.
A.challengingbutsuccessfulB.demandingandunsuccessful
C.simpleandshortD.long-lastinganddifficult
48.Theunderlined“It”inparagraph3refersto________.
A.t
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