新世纪第二届现代汉语语法国际研讨会暨第八届现代汉语语.docx

新世纪第二届现代汉语语法国际研讨会暨第八届现代汉语语.docx

《新世纪第二届现代汉语语法国际研讨会暨第八届现代汉语语.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《新世纪第二届现代汉语语法国际研讨会暨第八届现代汉语语.docx（13页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

新世纪第二届现代汉语语法国际研讨会暨第八届现代汉语语

新世纪第二届现代汉语语法国际研讨会（暨第八届现代汉语语…（ThesecondInternationalSymposiumonModernChinesegrammarinthenewcentury（andtheeighthmodernChineselanguage）...）

Languagescience,2003（6）:

3-11

PragmaticrestrictionsontheforwardshiftofChineseinterrogativewords

Fromthepointofquestion----

NanchangUniversity,LuBingfu,XuYangchun

Summary：

AccordingtoXuLiejiong,LiuDanqing（1998:

97-101）isproposedtoanalyzethequestionofthetopic,pointsoutthemainfactorsleadingtothequestionwordforwardistheheightoftheT（identifiability）,insteadofthetopic,sothatthetopicisthecategoryof"topic"intheedgemember.

Thispaperarguesthatthemovementofthetopic-likewh-wordinChineseonsurfaceismotivatedbyneithertopicnessliketypicaltopics,norfocusnesslikeEnglishwh-words,butidentifiability.ItsuggeststhatthismovementisconsistentwithothermovementsinChinese,

Keywords:

contrastivegrammar,pragmatics,interrogativemovement,gender,distinction,

Comparative,syntax,pragmatics,Wh-word,movement,referentiality,identifiability

0Introduction:

seeminglycontradictoryconcepts----"interrogativetopics""

XuLiejiongandLiuDanqing（1998:

97-101）putforwardtheconceptof"topicfocus".Itisgenerallybelievedthattheconceptsofoldinformation,topic,highdefinitionandframebackgroundcanformaprototypecategory,whichisoppositetotheprototypecategorycomposedofnewinformation,ChenShu,lowfinger,andimagefocus.Thegroupingoftopicsandfocusesisobviouslyunnaturalandmarkedbymatching.Thenaturalcombinationofstrangeandunnaturalcombinationsisworthstudying.Besides,topicandfocusarethemostbasicconceptsinpragmatics,sothestudyoftopicfocusisofgreattheoreticalsignificance.

XuandLiudiscusstopicsthatfocusonthreemaincategories.Oneisageneralemphasisontopicssuchas:

（1）Sunday,ah,verycrowded.

WhenitisstressedonSunday,itisboththefocusofthemessageandthesubjectofthelaterstatement.Let'srefertothetopicinthelaterthirdsections.

Anotherfocusofthetopicbytheuniversalityofcomposition,asthefollowingexamplein"Laowang".

（2）evenLaoWangcouldnotstandit.

（3）hemetLaoZhangbothathomeandabroad.

LuJianming（1987）believesthatthiskindofuniversalitycomponentsisthesubjectratherthanthetopic.ThisisinaccordancewithXuandLiu'sviews.However,bothsideshaveadoptedamorecautiousattitudetowardsthedistinctionbetweentheseelementsandadverbials.LuJianmingbelievesthattheboundariesbetweensubjectsandsubjectsareclearinChinese,andsomeoperablecriteriaareputforward.Butintheend,thereisnogoodcriteriontodistinguishbetweensubjectandadverbial.Xu,Liu（P.199）likethat（3）inthe"Hui","asadverbialandtopicsarenottheproblem,itisverydifficultasthesubject,thesubjectisthatunlessbackposition,whileLuJianming'sstartingpointistodistinguishbetweentopicandsubject."LuBingfu"（2003b）onthebasisoftheabovetwopointsofview,specificallydemonstratedthatsuchcomponentsareindeedadverbial.Therearethreemainpointsinhisargument.Thiskindof"wholequantitycomponent"means"scope"andbelongstothebasicmeaningcategoryofadverbial.Two.Distributionwithadverb,adverbial,wholecomplement.ThreeinHungarianandotherforeignlanguages,suchelementsareneitherinthetopicnorinthesubjectposition,butbetweenthem.Thetopicofthiskindoftopicisnolongerdiscussed.

Thisthesisfocusesonthirdtypesoftopicfocus,thatis,theinterrogativefocusthatappearsinthetopicposition

（4）whichbookdoyoulikebest?

HuangZhengde（Huang1982）holdsthattheinterrogativewordsinChinese,thoughnotliketheinterrogativewordsinEnglish,mustmovetotheheadatthesurface,butinthedeeperlogic,theyalsomoveforwardlikeenglish.However,HuangdidnotmakemuchanalysisoftheinterrogativewordsinChinesethatcanbemovedtotheheadofthesentence.

Confuciusinhis"spiritsandpragmaticattitudefrom"thetalk"isknown,howcanyouknowdeath";mean,toseetheworldstilldidnotunderstand,howcannotseethemistyunderstandingoftheothersideoftheworld?

Wenowfollowthepragmaticattitudeofourancestors,andthinkthat"theunknownsurface,butthedeeperknowledge";therefore,wedonotdiscussthemovementoftheinterrogativesentenceattheabstractlevel,andthesurfaceoftheanalysis,theinterrogativewordsmoved.Let'ssee:

whatarethefeaturesofthiskindofsurfaceinterrogativewordsthatcanmovetotheheadofasentence?

Whataretheconstraintsofmovement?

.

1,thequestioniscloselyrelatedtothehighreferentialnature

ItisgenerallybelievedthattheforwardshiftofEnglishinterrogativewordsisthefocusmovement.Thefocusofthetopic,asthenamesuggests,is,ofcourse,thefocus.ThequestioniswhetherthefocusisonthecauseofthemovementLet'stakealookatthecorpus.

XuLiejiongandLiuDanqing（1998:

261）summedupthethreerestrictionsontheforwardshiftofinterrogativesentences:

first,thesentenceexpressesrhetoricalquestionsratherthangenuinequestions（atthispointthewholesentencehasthemeaningofafullscaleproposition）:

（5）whatdidhedowell?

!

（5）thetruemeaning"whathearenotgood,inessencewiththeuniversalityofsentencestructuresimilarity.

Two,thereareobviouscontrastingtopics:

（6）whatonearthdoyouwanttoeat,andwhatshouldnotbeeaten?

Thethreeistheinterrogativeword,andapartoftheaboveappearstohaveapartialrelationshipwiththewhole:

（7）whichoneMissWangandXiaoChenLiacancomparewith?

（8）wehavealotofsofasinourshop.Whichonedoyoulike?

Alltheinterrogativewordscanberestoredtotheiroriginalposition（objectposition）.Ofcourse,theinterrogativewordsin（5）and（6）canalsobemovedforwardfromthepositionofthesubjectafterthesubjecttothesubjecttopicbeforethesubject,saying,"whatishedoingwell?

""And"whatexactlydoyouwanttoeat?

Whatdon'tyoueat?

".Thesemovementsareoptional,notmandatory.Wecanalsofindmandatoryquestionsthatappearinthemaintopic.

（9）A.whocanlivewithoutothers?

B.?

Whatmancannotlivewhileheisalive?

（10）A.,whohateseverybody（him）butdarenotoffendhim?

B.*everybodyhatespeople,butdoesn'tdaretooffendanyone?

The"man"heremustbemorelikeafulltopicinthebeginningandformofthesentence.（9a）itisawkwardtochange（9b）,especiallywhenthereisnoobviouspausebetween"who"and"alive",thatis,whenthequestionwordsarenotdealtwithasanadvancetopic.（10a）theword"10B"alsomeans"totalchange".Similarexamples,aswellas"whatbook,everyonereadwillsay?

""Wait.

Wenoticethattheinterrogativewordsthatappearinthetopicpositionmustbehighlydirected.Thiscanbeseenfromsomeofthefollowingcontrasts.

（11）whichbookdoyoulike,A.?

（answer:

"this/thatbook"andsoon

B.?

Whatbookdoyoulike?

（answer:

"complicatedplot","class"referstosexualunits）

C.?

Whatkind/whatkindofbooksdoyoulike?

（answer:

ibid.）

D.*what/howdoyoulikeit?

（answer:

"this/that"andotherpredicateunits）

Theappropriateanswer（11a）whwordsarereferredtoas"this/thebook";（11b-c）intheappropriateanswertotheabovequestionwordisthattheword"complexbook"andsoon,isnotdefinite;theappropriateanswertotheabovequestionword（11d）inthewords"thisisthe"/（ifthequestion,setup）isthepredicateunits,notstrictlyidentifiableunits.Itcanbeseenthatwhethertheinterrogativewordscanmoveforwardisrelatedtothequalityofthedesiredanswers.

Thedistinctionbetween"what"and"what"canbeseenfromthefollowingexample.

（12）A.whichbookis"thescholars"?

B.*whatbookis"thescholars"?

"What"referstotheinterrogativewordof"othersex",sowhichbookisthesubjectofthesentence.And"what"isnot.

Interestingly,（11b-c）insteadofaddinga"most"to".":

（13）whatbooks/booksdoyoulikebest?

Itsqualificationgreatlyincreased.Thisisbecausethereisa"most",theanswerreferstothescopeofmorespecialized,morespecific,thatis,theincreaseofthereference,soitiseasiertosubject.Thesuperlativecontainstheuniqueness,andtheonlythingistheother.AsinEnglish,allnounsandphrasesmodifiedbythesuperlativeadjectivesaredefined,andthedefinitearticle"the"shouldbeused."Thesun"and"Moon"aretheonlythingsinEnglish,anddefinitearticlesareusedinEnglishaswell.Alltheseindicatethehighrelevanceofthesuperlative,uniqueness,andgender.

Inaddition,negativeformcanalsoimprovethequalificationofinterrogativepronounsinadvance.

（14）A.?

What?

/whatkindofbooksdoyoulike?

B.what/whatkindofbooksdoyoudislike?

Althoughtheunmarkedinterpretationof（14b）isarhetoricalquestion,itdoesnotrejectthepossibilityofbeingatrueinterrogativesentence.Whydoestheobjectincreasewhentheverbisnegated?

Onepossibleexplanationisthat"Negation"means"exclusion",andtheprocessofremovingthecognitiveprocessissimplerthanthecognitiveprocessofidentifyingthesignified,andthusthenegationofthesignifiedisalsoeasiertoobtain.Andthisimpliesahighdegreeoffingerpointing.Thenegativeelementstendtomoveforward.Thisphenomenonseemstobeuniversalinhumanlanguage.Forexample,inancientChinese,thepronouninthenegativeformshouldbemovedforward.Onthecontrary,thenegativecomponentismorepronetopostposition,asfarasIknow,

It'snotfoundyet.Asfortherelationshipbetweengenderand"easytorecognize",wewilldiscussitlaterinthe