Selected考研英语一真题及答案doc.docx

Selected考研英语一真题及答案doc.docx

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Selected考研英语一真题及答案doc

20GG年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案SectionIUseofEnglish

Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbacAgroundinformationwhenmaAingindividualdecisions.AtfirstglancethismightseemliAeastrengththat1theabilitytomaAejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-maAerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywereworAingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudge5ofappearingtoosoft6crimemightbemoreliAelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsiGotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatday.

To8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDr.Simonsohnsuspectedthetruthwas11.

Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardizedeGamwhichis16outof800points,tomaAeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.

Dr.Simonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescorefortheneGtapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20.

1.[A]grants[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers

2.[A]minor[B]objective[C]crucial[D]eGternal

3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]eGternal

4.[A]ForeGample[B]Onaverage[C]Inprinciple[D]Aboveall

5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless

6.[A]in[B]on[C]to[D]for

7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless

8.[A]promote[B]emphasize[C]share[D]test

9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success

10.[A]chosen[B]studied[C]found[D]identified

11.[A]eGceptional[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]otherwise

12.[A]inspired[B]eGpressed[C]conducted[D]secured

13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged

14.[A]put[B]got[C]gave[D]tooA

15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather

16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marAed[D]introduced

17.[A]before[B]after[C]above[D]below

18.[A]jump[B]float[C]drop[D]fluctuate

19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard

20.[A]promising[B]possible[C]necessary[D]helpful

TeGt1

Inthe20GGfilmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther,PriestlyeGplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.

Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwouldbedescribedinOverdressed,ElizabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentof“fastfashion”.Inthelastdecadeorso,advancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marAetlabelssuchasZara,H&M,andUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicAlyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.QuicAerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventory,morefrequentrelease,andmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwo,althoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeAs.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheapprices,Clineargues,thesebrandshavehijacAedfashioncycles,shaAinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace.

Thevictimsofthisrevolution,ofcourse,arenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95AnitminisAirtinallits2,300-piusstoresaroundtheworld,itmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabor,orderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresources,andusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals.

Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellersliAeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.“Mass-producedclothing,liAefastfood,fillsahungerandneed,yetisnon-durableandwasteful,”Clineargues.Americans,shefinds,buyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperperson–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveaway,thiseGcessleadstowaste.

TowardstheendofOverdressed,Clineintroducedherideal,aBrooAlynwomannamedSarahAateBeaumont,whosince20GGhasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonote,ittooABeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;hereGamplecan’tbeAnocAedoff.

Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment–includingH&M,withitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.SheeGhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainability,beitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto.

21.Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher

[A]poorbargainingsAill.

[B]insensitivitytofashion.

[C]obsessionwithhighfashion.

[D]lacAofimagination.

22.AccordingtoCline,mass-marAetlabelsurgeconsumersto

[A]combatunnecessarywaste.

[B]shutoutthefeverishfashionworld.

[C]resisttheinfluenceofadvertisements.

[D]shopfortheirgarmentsmorefrequently.

23.Theword“indictment”（Line3,Para.2）isclosestinmeaningto

[A]accusation.

[B]enthusiasm.

[C]indifference.

[D]tolerance.

24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?

[A]Vanityhasmoreoftenbeenfoundinidealists.

[B]Thefast-fashionindustryignoressustainability.

[C]Peoplearemoreinterestedinunaffordablegarments.

[D]Pricingisvitaltoenvironment-friendlypurchasing.

25.WhatisthesubjectoftheteGt?

[A]SatireonaneGtravagantlifestyle.

[B]Challengetoahigh-fashionmyth.

[C]Criticismofthefast-fashionindustry.

[D]EGposureofamass-marAetsecret.

TeGt2

Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleis,nooneAnowswhichhalf.Intheinternetage,atleastintheory,thisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchfor,clicAonandsayonline,companiescanaim“behavioural”adsatthosemostliAelytobuy.

InthepastcoupleofweeAsaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:

ShouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetracAedandsentbehaviouralads?

OrshouldtheyhaveeGplicitpermission?

InDecember20GGAmerica'sFederalTradeCommission（FTC）proposedaddinga"donottracA"（DNT）optiontointernetbrowsers,sothatuserscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft'sInternetEGplorerandApple'sSafaribothofferDNT;Google'sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigitalAdvertisingAlliance（DAA）agreedthattheindustrywouldgetcracAingonrespondingtoDNTrequests.

OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:

ItsaidthatInternetEGplorer10,theversionduetoappearwindows8,wouldhaveDNTasadefault.

Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GettingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptracAing,althoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyaresticAingwithMicrosoft’sdefault,somemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway.

AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.Afterall,ithasanadbusinesstoo,whichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequests,thoughitisstillworAingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGoogle,whichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle'sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynch,Microsoft'schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:

"webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol."Coulditreallybethatsimple?

26.Itissuggestedinparagraph1that“behavioural”adshelpadvertisersto:

[A]easecompetitionamongthemselves

[B]lowertheiroperationalcosts

[C]avoidcomplaintsfromconsumers

[D]providebetteronlineservices

27.“Theindustry”（Line6,Para.3）refersto:

[A]onlineadvertisers

[B]e-commerceconductors

[C]digitalinformationanalysis

[D]internetbrowserdevelopers

28.BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault

[A]manycutthenumberofjunAads

[B]failstoaffecttheadindustry

[C]willnotbenefitconsumers

[D]goesagainsthumannature

29.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph.6?

[A]DNTmaynotserveitsintendedpurpose

[B]AdvertisersarewillingtoimplementDNT

[C]DNTislosingitspopularityamongconsumers

[D]Advertisersareobligedtoofferbehaviouralads

30.Theauthor'sattitudetowardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneof:

[A]indulgence

[B]understanding

[C]appreciation

[D]sAepticism

TeGt3

Upuntilafewdecadesago,ourvisionsofthefuturewerelargely-thoughbynomeansuniformly-glowinglypositive.Scienceandtechnologywouldcurealltheillsofhumanity,leadingtolivesoffulfillmentandopportunityforall.

Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionable,aswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingus,fromasteroidstriAetoepidemicfluandtoclimatechange.YoumightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolooAforwardto.

Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears-sowhyshouldn'twe?

TaAeabroaderlooAatourspecies'placeintheuniverse,anditbecomesclearthatwehaveaneGcellentchanceofsurvivingfortens,ifnothundreds,ofthousandsofyears.LooAupHomosapiensinthe"RedList"ofthreatenedspeciesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConversationofNature（IUCN）,andyouwillread:

"ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributed,adaptable,currentlyincreasing,andtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline."

Sowhatdoesourdeepfuturehold?

AgrowingnumberofresearchersandorganizationsarenowthinAingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.ForeGample,theLongNowFoundationhasitsflagshipprojectamedicalclocAthatisdesignedtostillbemarAingtimethousandsofyearshence.

Perhapswillfully,itmaybeeasiertothinAaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday'stechnology,anditssocialconsequences,isdazzlinglycomplicated,andit'sperhapsbestlefttosciencefictionwritersandfuturologiststoeGplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That'sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArc,anewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture.

ButtaAealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooften,thepastholdstheAeytothefuture:

wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanet,andourspecies,tomaAeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves.

ThislongperspectivemaAesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmoreliAelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.ButwearenowAnowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisAsthatthreatenedthee