南昌大学研究生期末考试英语试题样卷.docx

南昌大学研究生期末考试英语试题样卷.docx

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南昌大学研究生期末考试英语试题样卷

南昌大学研究生期末考试英语试题样卷

FinalTestForPostgraduateStudentsofGrade201X

PartI.Vocabulary（20%）

a.Choosethewordorphrasethatiscloserinmeaningtotheunderlinedone.1.Duringthepastdecades,theinternationalcommunityusuallyundertheauspicesoftheUnited

Nation,hasstruggledtonegotiateglobalstandardsthatcanhelpusachievemanyessentialgoals.A.WiththeadvanceofB.withtheadditionofC.withtheviewofD.withthehelpof2.Themortalityrateofchildrenunderfiveyearsoldisanimportantindicationofthesituationofchildreninacountry.

A.growthB.birthC.deathD.injury

3.Theutilitiescontendthatthisreducedcapacitywillresultincurtailedserviceandhigherpricessomeyearsdowntheroad.

A.bythewayB.alongthestreetC.inthepastD.inthefuture4.Stabilityatthatlevelangurswellforthemarket,analystssay,whileaplungethroughitcould

sparkrenewedsellingofstocks.

A.fallB.hurdleC.leapD.lead

5.Mostsuccessfulcompaniesallovertheworldhavewell-establishedandidentifiablelinesof

organization.

A.complicatedB.confusingC.recognizableD.formidable

6.Milkchocolateshavealesspronouncedtasteofchocolateandtheyaresweeterthandark

chocolateandhavealightercolor.

A.distinctB.spokenC.articulatedD.uttered

7.Prepareyourselfforimmersionintoadiverselearningenvironmentinwhichyou’llbeaskedto

challengeyourpre-conveivednotionsaboutyourownidentityandabilities.A.rinsingB.dryingC.shrinkingD.involvement

8.Withtheconvenientonlineshoppingservices,customerscandesignandorderappareldirectly

fromthevirtualshops.

A.appliancesB.merchandiseC.utilitiesD.clothes

9.Meanwhile,apollofWallStreetstrategistsfoundthatnotasinglepunditwaspredictingthat

Americanshareswouldfallthisyear.

A.brokerB.authorityC.shareholderD.scholarship

10.Thecomputerwillplaythepivotalroleeitherinthebasicmedicineteachingorintheexperimentalteaching.

A.importantB.crucialC.necessaryD.irreplaceable

b.Cloze

Chooseanappropriatewordfromtheboxtofillineachofthefollowingblanks.Changetheformwherenecessary.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsintheboxmorethanonce.

queryaerialcognitionexpressionattest

roboticsmeldcovervitalarise

guidelinedeployrecapitulateendowcollection

InthejournalScience,ProfessorStarkeycallsforethicalguidelinesto

（1）______allaspectsofrobotictechnology,notjustinthehomeandworkplace,butalsoonthebattlefield,wherelethalrobotssuchasthemissile-armedPredatordronesusedinIraqandAfghanistanarealready

（2）_____withlethaleffect.TheUSFutureCombatSystemprojectaimstouserobotsas“forcemultipliers”,withasinglesoldierinitiatinglarge-scalegroundan（3）______attacksbyarobotdroidarmy.“Robotsforcareandforwarrepresentjusttwoofmanyethicallyproblematicareasthatwillsoon（4）______fromtherapidincreaseandspreadingdiversityofroboticsapplications,”

ProfessorStarkeysaid,“Scientistsandengineersworkinginroboticsmustbemindfulofthepotentialdangersoftheirwork,andpublicandinternationaldiscussionis（5）_____inordertosetpolicyguidelinesforethicalandsafeapplicationbeforetheguidelinessetthemselves.”

Thecallforcontrolsoverrobotsgoesbacktothe1940swhenthescience-fictionauthorIsaacAsimovdrewuphisfamousthreelawsof（6）_____.Thefirstrulestatedthatrobotsmustnotharmpeople;thesecondthattheymustobeythecommandsofpeopleprovidedthemdoesnotconflictwiththefirstlaw;andthethirdlawwasthatrobotsmustattempttoavoidharmingthemselvesprovidedthiswasnotinconflictwiththetwootherlaws.

Asimovwrotea（7）______ofsciencefictionseriescalledI,Robotwhichexploitedtheissueofmachinesandmorality.Hewantedtocounterthelonghistoryoffictionalaccountsofdangerousautomatons—fromtheJewishGolemtoMaryShelly’sFrankenstein—andusedhis

threelawsasaliterarydevicetoexploittheethicalissuesarisingfromthehumaninteractionwithnon-human,intelligentbeings.Butlate20th--centurypredictionsabouttheriseofmachines（8）______withsuperiorartificialintelligencehavenotbeenrealized,althoughrobotscientistshavegiventheirmechanicalprotégés（门客）quasi-intelligent（准智能的）traitssuchassimple

speechrecognition,emotional（9）______andfacerecognition.

ProfessorStarkeybelievethatevendumbrobotsneedtobecontrolled.“I’mnotsuggestinglikeAsimovtoputethicalrulesintorobots,buttojusttohave（10）______onhowrobotsareused,”hesaid.“Currentrobotsarenotbrightenougheventobecalledstupid.IfIeventhoughttheywouldbesuperiorinintelligence,Iwouldnothavetheseconcerns.Theyaredumbmachinesnotmuchbrighterthantheaveragewashingmachine,andthat’stheproblem.”

PartII.Readingcomprehension（20%）

Inthispart,youwillreadfourpassages.YouarerequiredtochoosethebestanswertoeachquestionaccordingtothepassageandthenmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheetbyblackingtheletterinthebrackets.

PassageOne

Archaeology（考古学）isasourceofhistory,notjustahumbleauxiliarydiscipline.

Archaeologicaldataarehistoricaldocumentsintheirownright,notmereillustrationstowrittentexts.Justasmuchasanyotherhistorian,anarchaeologiststudiesandtriestoreconstitutetheprocessthathascreatedthehumanworldinwhichwelive---andusourselvesinsofarasweareeachcreaturesofourageandsocialenvironment.Archaeologicaldataareallchangedinthematerialworldresultingfromhumanactionor,moresuccinctly,thefossilizedresultsofhumanbehavior.Thetotalsumoftheseconstitutewhatmaybecalledthearchaeologicalrecord.Thisrecordexhibitspeculiaritiesanddeficienciestheconsequencesofwhichproducearathersuperficialcontractbetweenarchaeologicalhistoryandthemorefamiliarkindbaseduponwrittenrecords.

Notallhumanbehaviorfossilizes.ThewordsIutterandyouhearasvibrationsintheairarecertainlyhumanchangesinthematerialworldandmaybeofgreathistoricalsignificance.YettheyhavenosortoftraceinthearchaeologicalrecordsunlesstheyarecapturedbyaDictaphoneorwrittendownbyaclerk.Themovementoftroopsonthebattlefieldmay“changethecourseof

history,”butthisisequallyephemeralfromthearchaeologist’sstandpoint.Whatisperhapsworse,

mostorganicmaterialareperishable.Everythingmadeofwood,hide,wool,linen,grass,hair,andsimilarmaterialconditions.Inarelativelybriefperiodthearchaeologicalrecordisreducedtomorescrapsofstone,bone,glass,metal,andearthenware.Stillmodernarchaeology,byapplyingappropriatetechniquesandcomparativemethods,aidedbyafewluckyfindsfrompeatbogsdeserts,andfrozensoilisabletofillagooddealofthegap.

1.Whatistheauthor’smainpurposeinthepassage?

A.Topointouttheimportanceofrecentadvancesinarchaeology.

B.Todescribeanarchaeologist’seducation.

C.Toexplainhowarchaeologyisasourceofhistory.

D.Toencouragemorepeopletobecomearchaeologists.

2.Theword“succinctly”inline6isclosestinmeaningto____.

A.conciselyB.brieflyC.clearlyD.appropriately

3.Accordingtothepassage,thearchaeologicalrecordconsistsof_____.

A.spokenwordsofgreathistoricalsignificance

B.thefossilizedresultsofhumanactivity

C.organicmaterials

D.ephemeralideas

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanexampleofanorganicmaterial?

A.stoneB.woolC.grassD.hair

5.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscusses_____.

A.techniquesforrecordingoralhistories

B.certainbattlefieldexcavationmethods

C.somespecificarchaeologicaldiscoveries

D.buildingmaterialsofthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies

PassageTwo

Themodernageisageofelectricity.Peoplearesousedtoelectriclights,radio,televisions,andtelevisionsthatitishardtoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutthem.Whenthereisapowerfailure,peoplegropeaboutinflickingcandlelight,carshesitateinthestreetsbecausetherearenotrafficlighttoguidethem,andfoodspoilsinsilentrefrigerators.

Yet,peoplebegantounderstandhowelectricityworksonlyalittlemorethantwocenturiesago.Naturehasapparentlybeenexperimentinginthisfieldformillionsofyears.Scientistsarediscoveringmoreandmorethatthelivingworldmayholdmanyinterestingsecretsofelectricitythatcouldbenefithumanity.

Alllivingcellssendouttinypulsesofelectricity.Astheheartbeats,itsendsoutpulsesofrecorded,theyformanelectroencephalogram,whichadoctorcanstudytodeterminehowwelltheheartisworking.Thebrain,too,sendsoutbrainwavesofelectricity,whichcanberecordedinanelectroencephalogram.Theelectriccurrentsgeneratedbymostlivingcellsareextremelysmall-oftensosmallthatsensitiveinstrumentsareneededtorecordthem.Butinsomeanimals,

certainmusclecellshavebecomesospecializedaselectricalgeneratorsthattheydonotworkasmusclecellsatall.Whenlargenumbersofthesecellsarelinkedtogether,theeffectscanbeastonishing.

Theelectriceelisanamazingstoragebattery.Itcansendajoltofasmuchaseighthundredvoltsofelectricitythroughthewaterinwhichitlives（Anelectrichousecurrentisonlyonehundredtwentyvolts）.Asmanyasfour-fifthofallthecellsintheelectriceel’sbodyare

specializedforgeneratingelectricity,andthestrengthoftheshockitcandelivercorrespondsroughlytothelengthofitsbody.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Electriceelsarepotentiallydangerous.