江苏大学英语论文写作稍改.docx

江苏大学英语论文写作稍改.docx

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江苏大学英语论文写作稍改

Unit1.GeneralIntroductiontoProfessionalPaperWriting

1.ClassificationofProfessionalPapers

Aprofessionalpaperisaformalprinteddocumentinwhichprofessionalspresenttheirviewsandresearchfindingsonanydeliberatelychosentopic.

1）ReportPaper

Thereportpapersummarizesandreportsthefindingsofauthor（s）onaparticularsubject.Theauthor（s）maynotgivehis/theirownopinionontheissue,norevaluatesthefindings,butmerelycatalogstheminssensiblesequence.

2）ResearchPaper

Aresearchpapercanbeintelligent,well-informed,interesting,andoriginalinitsconclusions.Itdrawsitsmaterialfrommanysources.Itsaimistoassemblefactsandideasandbystudyingthentodrawnewconclusionsastofactsorinterpretations,ortopresentthematerialinthelightofanewinterest.

Researchpapersareorcanbethemostimportantandreliablesourcesfortextbooks,monographs,andallotherdocumentaryworks.

3）CoursePaper

Differentfromthereportpaperandresearchpaper,acoursepapermainlyreferstothepaperwrittenafteraspecificcourseislearnedorattheendoftheterm.Soitscontentsusuallyshouldbeinlinewiththecourserequirementsandundertheinstructionofthecourseinstructor.Sincethistypeofpaperisalwayswrittenandhandedinattheendoftheterm,itisalsocalled“termpaper”.

4）ThesisPaper（Dissertation论述）

AthesispaperisusuallywrittenandsubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthedegreeofMAorMS（orPh.D）inaspecificdiscipline.Unlikeareportpaper,athesispapertakesadefinitestandonanissue.Athesisisapropositionorpointofviewthatthewriterorspeakeriswillingtoargueagainstordefend.Writingathesispaperrequiresthewritertoexercisejudgment,evaluateevidence,andconstructalogicalargument,whereaswritingareportpaperdoesnot.

2.GeneralCharacteristicsofEnglishAcademicWritingStyle

AcademicwritinginEnglishislinear,whichmeansithasonecentralpointorthemewitheverypartcontributingtothemainlineofargument,withoutdigressions（扯开，离题）orrepetitions.Itsobjectiveistoinformratherthanentertain.Accordingly,academicwritingisstructured,formalandobjective.Itslanguageisoftenabstractandcomplex.

Thereareeightmainfeaturesthatareoftendiscussedtorepresentthestyleofacademicwriting:

complex,formal,objective,explicit,accurate,hedged,responsibleandmakingreferencetootherwriters’work.Ituseslanguagepreciselyandaccurately.（详见讲义）

3.WaysofPreparingProfessionalPapers

1）Searchingforgoodideas2）FindingTopics3）ConsideringAudiencePurpose

4）MovingfromBrainstormingtoDrafting5）EditingandRefining

Unit2.Title,Author/AffiliationandKeywords

2.1.Titles

2.1.1.Generalfunctions

A.GeneralizingtheText

Atitleshouldsummarizethecentralideaofthepaperconciselyandcorrectly.Byglancingatthetitle,thereaderwillimmediatelyknow,incorporatingwiththeabstract,whatismainlydealtwithinthepaper.

B.AttractingtheReader

Ifatitleisaccurate,conciseanddistinct,itwillattractreadersalot（drawparticularattentionamongprofessionals,）andstimulatereaderstoreadthewholetext.

C.FacilitatingtheRetrieval

Atitleusuallyprovidesleadsfortheinternationalinformationretrievalorganizationstochoosetheappropriatekeywordscontainedinitwhentheyorganizeindexandsecondarydocuments.

2.1.2LinguisticFeatures

A.UsingMoreNouns,NounPhrasesandGerunds（havingtheabilitytosumupthewholetext）

B.UsingIncompleteSentences

Atitleisjustalabelofappellationofthepaper,reflectingthemainideaofthecontent,Acompletedeclarativesentenceusuallymakesatitlecontainingdeterminingimplication.Meanwhile,itappearslackingbrevityandclarity.

2.1.3WritingRequirements

A.ABCPrinciplesforTitles

Accuracymeansthatatitlecanappropriatelyexpressandfitintherealityofthepaper.Brevityasksthewritertosummarizethenecessarycontentwiththemostlimitedwords.Claritymeansatitleshouldclearlyreflectthedistinguishingfeaturesofthepaper.

B.BeingBriefandConcise

Generally,atitleiscomposedofnomorethantwentywords.Ifatitleistoolong,itwillbedifficultforreaderstocatchthemeaningofthecontentandrememberit.Ifthewriterfailstostatehisideaclearlyinafewwords,hecanuseasubtitle（副题）.Tooshortatitle,sometimes,maybringaboutconfusion.

C.BeingSpecific

Inpreparingthetitleofapaper,ageneralandabstracttitleshouldbeavoided.

D.AvoidingQuestionTitles

Aquestiontitlemeansacompletesentenceinthequestionform.Suchtitlesareusuallynotusedinanacademicpaper（especiallyinnaturalsciences）,becausetheyalwaysincludesomeredundant（多余的）questionwordsandmarksWhatisworse,suchatitlecreatesinconvenienceforinformationretrieval.

E.BeingUnified

Theparallelpartsofatitleshouldbegrammaticallysymmetrical.Thatistosay,nounsshouldbematchedwithnouns,gerundswithgerunds,etc.Ingeneral,nounsandgerundsshouldnotbemixedinagiventitle.

F.BeingStandard

Ingeneral,nonstandardabbreviationsandsymbolsand/oranytermsorphraseologyintelligibleonlytothespecialistshouldbeavoided,becausetheuseofthemcouldbeveryunfavorabletoefficientinformationretrieval.

2.3.Keywords

Keywordsaretheidentificationforscienceandtechnologyresearchpaperstoberetrievedasdocuments.Keywords,thesamewithabstract,areapartofaresearchpaper,butnotthepartofthemainbodyofthepaper.

2.2.1GeneralFunctions

A.EasinessofRetrieval

B.EasinessofHighlighting

2.2.2LinguisticFeatures

A.Nominalization

Keywordsareusuallyusedintheformofnouns,notverbs.Forexample,“investigation”isusedinsteadof“investigate”;“educate”oughttobereplacedby“education.”

B.LimitedNumber

Thenumberofthekeywordsforapapershouldbelimited.Fourtosixkeywordsaretheaverage.Ingeneral,thereshouldbeatleast2andatmost8.

C.DesignatedChoice

2.2.3WritingRequirements

A.UsingRequiredTerms

B.PlacinginRightLocation

Thoughkeywordscanbeeitheraboveorbelowtheabstractofapaper,inmostcases,placedbelowtheabstract.

C.SpacingtheKeywords

D.AdoptingStandardAbbreviations,etc.（Standardabbreviationsarepreferredinthesectionofkeywords.）

Unit3.Abstract

1.DefinitionofAbstract

Anabstractisabriefandself-containedsummaryandanaccuraterepresentationofthecontentsofadocumentsuchasaresearchpaper,ajournalarticle,thesis,review,conferenceproceeding,andotheracademicdocuments.Thepurposeofanabstractistoprovideprospectivereaderstheopportunitytojudgetherelevanceofthelongerworkoftheirprojects.

2.Whenareabstractsused?

摘要什么时候需要用？

Youmaywriteabstractsforvariouspurposes.Therearemanyplaceswhereabstractsareused.Peoplewriteabstractswhen:

Submittingpapersorarticlestojournals

Applyingforresearchgrants科研补助金

CompletingthePh.Ddissertation博士论文orM.A.thesis

Writingaproposalforconferencepaper会议论文

Indexingbibliographicallyaslibraryreferencetools

Writingabookproposal.

3.GeneralFunctionsofanAbstract

Thefunctionoftheabstractofascientificpaperistoprovideanoverviewofthepapersothatreaderscanunderstandthemainideasandidentifythebasiccontentoftheworkwithoutreadingthepaperinitsentirety.Sincetheabstractistheonlypartoflargerworkmostreaderswillsee,itshouldpresentthecoreofthepaperalsofortherecordindatabasesandsecondarycollections.

Therearetwomostimportantpurposesorfunctionstheabstractshouldserve:

selectionandindexing.

3.1.Selection

Theprimarypurposeofanabstractistofacilitateaselectionofdocuments.Abstractenablereaderswhomaybeinterestedinthelargerworktoquicklydecidewhetheritisworththeirtimetoreadit.Readerscangraspthemainstoryandtheessentialpointsofthedocumentwithoutreadingthewholetextofthedocument.Abstractsthus,togetherwithindex,speeduptheprocessofselectionandsavetime.

3.2.Indexing

Besidesselection,theothermainpurposeoftheabstractisforindexing.Manyonlinedatabasesuseabstractstoindexlargerworks.

4.ClassificationofAbstracts（TypesofAbstract）

4.1Indicative（ordescriptiveabstracts）abstracts

Thistypeofabstractsimplydescribesthekindsofinformationinadocument,butitdoesnotprovidetheinformationitselfindetail.Itdoesnotprovideanymaterialcontentsofthedocuments,suchasresultsorconclusionsoftheresearch.Indicativeabstractsareusuallyusedinreviewarticles,conferencereports,governmentreports,librarybibliographies,etc.Theyareusuallyveryshort----nomorethan150words.

4.2.Informativeabstracts

Aninformativeabstractsummarizesasmuchastheessentialelementsofthedocumentaspossible,presentingandexplainingallthemainmaterialcontentsinthecompletearticle/paper/book.Aninformativeabstractincludesnotonlytheinformationthatcanbefoundinanindicativeabstract（purpose,scope,andmethods）,butalsotheimportantfindingsandconclusionsoftheresearch.Themajorityofabstractsareinformative.

4.3.Indicative/informativeabstracts（综合性）

Itpresentsasummaryoftheessentialargumentsandfindingsoftheoriginal,whilstthoseaspectsofthedocumentthatisofminorsignificancearetreatedindicatively.

4.4.Authorabstracts

4.5.Slantedabstract

4.6.Telegraphicabstract

4.7Mini-abstractsAmini-abstractisjustanextensionofthetitle,briefandeasytowrite.

4.8Mission-orientedabstract

4.9Finding-orientedabstract

Afinding-orientedabstractisals