三人文知识.docx
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三人文知识
一、综述
1、采用多项选择的形式（注：
多选作废），完成10题，1分/题；
2、考试时间10分钟；
3、内容涵盖了英语语言学知识、英美文学知识和主要英语国家的地理、历史、政治、经济、文化传统概况，以考查学生有关英语国家常识的掌握情况。
（三个主要内容所占比例分别为：
社会与文化知识，4题；文学知识，3题；语言学知识，3题）。
e.g.Semanticsisthedefinedasthestudyofthe_______oflanguage.
A.rulesB.namingC.meaningD.alloftheabove
e.g.WutheringHeightsisthemasterpieceof_________.
A.EmilyBronteC.CharlotteBronteC.AnneBronteD.EmilyDickinson
e.g.ThecapitalofScotlandis______.
A.ManchesterB.BirminghamC.GlasgowD.Edinburgh
二、社会文化知识复习纲要
主要从历史地理、社会现状、文化传统等三个方面着手。
1、历史地理：
国家和民族的起源、发展和变迁；重大历史事件、历史人物；主要的山脉、河流、湖泊、城市及相关的地理地貌现象，如典型天气或气候等。
2、社会现状：
政府的组成；党派的构成；工、农、渔、林、商业的发展；国民经济、贸易、财政、科技等的状况；司法、外交；社会福利；学校；报刊、电视和广播；城市、交通、通讯等方方面面。
3、文化传统：
人们的价值观、宗教信仰、教育体制等社会生活的各个方面。
注：
在此只以美国为例子做简要的介绍，其他主要英语国家还有英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大等。
1、历史地理
1）基本概况：
TheUnitedStatesofAmericaisafederalrepublicconsistingof50statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.Itisthefourthlargestcountryintheworld.TheUnitedStatesoriginatedwiththesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependenceonJuly4,1776.
2）历史发展的五个阶段：
ThehistoryofAmericahasgenerallybeendividedintofivemajorsections:
theColonialperiod（1607-1780）;theNationalperiod（1781-1861）;theCivilWarandpost-CivilWarperiod（1861-1914）;WorldWarItoWorldWarⅡ（1914-1945）;andthepost-WorldWarⅡera（1945-）.
3）国土三大块：
Thethreemainregionsaretheeasternpart,thewesternpartandthecentralplain.
4）河流与山脉：
ThemostimportantmountainsaretheAppalachianRangeintheeastandtheRockyMountainsinthewest.TheMississippiisthelongestriverinthecountry.
2、社会现状
1）政府构成：
AccordingtotheConstitutionofSeptember17,1787,theformoftheU.S.governmentisbasedonthreemainprinciples—federalism,theseparationofpowersandrespectfortheConstitutionandtheruleoflaw.Thefederalgovernmenthasthreeelements—exectutive（thePresident）,legislative（Congress）andjudicial（theSupremeCourt）.CongressiscomposedofaSenateandaHouseofRepresentatives.TheWhiteHouseistheofficialresidenceoftheAmericanPresident.
2）两大党派：
DemocratsandRepublicansarethetwopartiesdominatingthepoliticalsceneintheUnitedStates.
3）主要城市：
NewYorkCityisthelargestcityandseaportinthecountry.Washington,thecapitaloftheUnitedStates,issituatedintheDistrictofColumbia.LosAngeles,atthesouthernendofCaliforniaisthesecondlargestcityinAmerica.
4）传媒艺术：
ThenearestthingtoanationalnewspaperisTheNewYorkTimes.America’sgreatestcontributiontotheworldofpopmusicisjazzoriginatedfromtheAmericanblacks.Hollywood,thefilmcapitaloftheworld,isaplacewheretheyoungstar-struckteenagerscouldfulfilltheirdreams.
3、文化传统
1）价值观念：
IntheverybeginningoftheDeclarationofIndependencetherearethesewords:
Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertaininalienablerights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.WhattheAmericanvaluemostisindividualfreedom,self-reliance,equalityofopportunity,competition,materialwealthandhardwork,etc.Americansaresaidtobeanationonwheels,whichmeansawayoflifeonmotorcars.Besides,itisanationofmanyethnicgroups,hence,thenameof“meltingpot”.
2）教育体制：
SchooleducationinAmericacanbedividedintothreestages:
elementaryeducation,seconddaryeducationandhighereducation.Americanuniversitiesofferthreemaincategoriesofgraduatedegrees:
thebachelor’sdegree,themaster’sdegreeandthePh.D.（doctorofphilosophy）degree.TherearebothpublicandprivateschoolsintheU.S.andmostofthebestknownuniversitieslikeHarvard,YaleandPrincetonareprivate.Afirst-yearcollegestudentiscalledafreshman,asecond-year,sophomore,athird-year,junior,andafourth-year,senior.
3）宗教派别：
TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStatesprotectsthefreedomofthepeopletochoosetheirownreligiousfaith.ThethreeprincipalreligionsinAmericaareProtestant,RomanCatholicandJudaism.
三、文学知识复习纲要
主要从历史与流派、作家与作品两个方面着手。
主要涉及其发展历史、重要阶段、主要流派、代表人物和代表作品这几个方面。
注：
在此只以美国为例子做简要的介绍。
1、美国文学发展的六个阶段：
theColonialperiod（17th-18thcentury）,theRomanticperiod（1sthalfofthe19thcentury）,theAgeofRealism（2ndhalfofthe19thcentury）,theAgeofAmericanNaturalism（lastdecadeofthe19thcenturyto1920s）,theWorldWarIperiod（1920s-30s）,the1940sandthepost-warperiod.
2、作家与作品：
（1）殖民地时期：
BenjaminFranklin（1706-1790）andhisAutobiographyrepresentthecolonialmindofAmerica.
（2）浪漫主义时期：
A.ThefirstimportantwriterinAmericanliteratureisWashingtonIrving（1783-1859）whosefascinatingTheSketchBookincludestwofamousstories,“RipVanWinkle”and“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”
B.OneofthemajorliteraturefiguresintheAmericanRomanticPeriodisRalphWaldoEmerson（1803-1882）,theleadingNewEnglandtranscendentalist,whoseOnNaturehasbeencalled“theManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”.
C.WaltWhitman（1819-1896）withhisLeavesofGrassandEmilyDickinson（1830-1886）weretwomajorAmericanpoetsofthe19thcentry.
D.TheScarletLetterbyNathanielHawthorne（1804-1864）andMoby-DickbyHermanMelville（1819-1891）wereagainstEmerson’soptimisticviewoflife.
F.EdgarAllanPoe（1809-1849）,theFatherofAmericanShortStories,theFatherofDetectiveStory,agreatwriteroffiction,apoetofthefirstrank,andacriticofacumenandinsight,hasauniquepositioninthehistoryofAmericanliterature.
（3）现实主义时期：
A.StephenDreiser（1871-1945）,waswellknownforhisnovelSisterCarrie.
B.MarkTwain（1835-1910）andhismasterwork,TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,hasfatheredmodernAmericanliterature.ItwashimwhocreatedtheAmericanFolkHumor.
（4）自然主义时期：
C.EzraPound（1885-1972）isregardedasthefatherofmodernAmericanpoetry,theleaderoftheImagistMovement.HeiswellknownforCantos.
（5）两次世界大战时期：
A.T.S.Eliot（1888-1965）,firstdiscoveredandinfluencedgreatlybyEzraPound,thewinnerofNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1948,madehisfamouspoem,TheWasteLand.
B.F.ScottFitzgerald（1896-1940）wasoneofthegreatstylistsinAmericanliterature.HisbestworksisTheGreatGatsby.
C.ThebestworksofErnestHemingway（1899-1961）includeAFarewelltoArms,TheSunAlsoRisesandTheOldManandtheSea,whichledhimtotheNobelPrizein1954.
四、语言学知识复习纲要
主要从基本框架、基本概念、重要分类、重要理论及代表人物着手。
1、基本框架：
语言学的研究主要包括两个方面，即微观语言学（对语言本身的研究）、宏观语言学（对语言和其他学科的交叉研究）。
前者包括我们所熟悉的语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学等分支；后者包括历史语言学、社会语言学、心理语言学和应用语言学等分支。
1）Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolusedforhumancommunication.
2）Generalliguisticsdealswiththevariousfacetsoflanguage:
（1）phonetics:
thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage
Phonology:
thestudyofthesoundsystemoflanguage
（2）morphology:
thestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed
（3）syntax:
thestudyofhowsentencesarestructured
（4）semantics:
thestudyofmeaninginlanguage
（5）pragmatics:
thestudyofhowspeakersusethesentencesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication
3）Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinsocialcontexts.
Psycholiguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemind
Appliedlinguisticsisthestudyoflinguistictheoriesinrelationtolanguageteaching
Historicallinguisticsisthesubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguagechange.
2、基本概念：
语言学中的概念较多，需要理清脉络，理解概念，把抽象变为形象，化模糊为具体，同时注意概念的区分和对比。
1）Descriptiveandprescriptivemethodsarebothusedbylinguiststostudylanguages.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifitaimstotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
2）Bothphoneticsandphonologyarestudiesofspeechsounds.Theformerisinterestedinhowtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachotherandhowtheycanbeclassified.Thelatterisconcernedwiththesoundsystem,aimingtodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
3）Bothpragmaticsandsemanticsarestudiesofmeaning.Whatessentiallydistinguishesthemiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningthecontextofuseisconsidered.Ifitisnotconsidered,thestudyisrestrictedtotheareaoftraditionalsemantics;ifitisconsidered,thestudyisbeingcarriedoutintheareaofpragmatics.
4）Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Aphonemeisaphonologicalunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemearecalleditsallophones.Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.
5）Contextisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.
3、重要分类：
根据研究对象的特点进行归纳分类，下面是部分具有重要意义的分类。
1）Phoneticshasthreebranches:
articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.
2）Morphemescanbedividedintotwotypes:
freemorphemesandboundmorphemes.Boundmorphemesincluderootsandaffixes,whichfallfurtherintotwocategories:
inflectionalandderivational.
3）Insemantics,aspectsofmeaningaremainlystudiedfromthefollowingthreesenserelations:
synonymy,hyponymyandantonymy.
4）ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintothreeperiods:
OldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglish.
5）Therearefourimportantlanguagefamilies:
theIndo-EuropeanFamily,theSino-TibetanFamily,theAustronesianFamily,andtheAfroasiaticFamily.
4、重要理论及代表人物：
语言学理论多而复杂，我们只需要了解那些对语言学发展起过推动作用的重要理论，也可以从某个理论的代表人物出发，分析他们的思想及对语言学的贡献。
1）FerdinanddeSaussure:
aSwisslinguistwhowasrecognizedasthefath
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