人文知识.docx

人文知识.docx

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人文知识

GeoGeography

GreatBritain

America

Canada

Australia

NewZealand

mountain

BenNevis（Highestmountain）

Scafell（highestpeak）

ThePennies（mountainchain）

RockyMountains（‘backbone‘or‘continentaldivide’）

Thegreatcentralplain

TheAppalachianmountains

MountLogan（highestpeak）

Mountcook（highestpeak）

Mountruapehu（highesthillinnorthisland）

river

SevernRiver（longest）

ThamesRiver（mostimportant）

theMississippiriver（‘fatherofwaters,’oldmanriver’）

Ohioriver（‘AmericanRuhr’）

St.Lawrence（mostimportant）

theMackenzie（longest）

TheMurrayriver（longestand

Biggest）

LakeTaupo（largest）

lakes

LoughNeigh（largest）

LochLomond（largestinScot）

Windermere（largestinEngland）

LakeVyrnwy（largestinWales）

Thegreatlakes

lakeMichigan:

entirelyinUS

others:

Superior,Huron,Erie,Ontario

Greatbearlake（largest）

Greatslavelake（deepest）

Thegreatlakes

LakeEyre（largest）

TheCluthariver（largestinsouth

WaikatoriverandWanganuiriver（largestinnorth）

climate

Maritimetype

Reasons:

surroundingwaters

Theprevailingsoutheastwinds

TheNorthAtlanticDrift

Northeastern:

humidcontinentalclimate

Southeastern:

humidsubtropicalclimate

Thegreatplains:

continental

Steppeclimate

Intermountain:

continental

Desertclimate

Pacificnorthwest:

maritime

climate

Mainly:

temperatecontinentalclimate

Thenorth:

polarclimate

Thewest:

TemperateMaritimeClimate

Desertorsemiarid

Plants:

Eucalypts,wattles

Animals:

kangaroos,emus,

budgerigars

Fromcooltemperatetowarmtemperate（January—warmest,July

—coldest）

Christchurch—thedriestcity

Auckland—thewettestcity

Reasons:

itslatitudezone

Oceanicenvironment

MountainsespeciallythesouthernAlps

Ethnic

groups

Firstsettlers:

theIberians

TheEnglish（mainly）:

Anglo-Saxon

TheScottish,thewelsh,the

Irish,thenorthIrish:

Celts

Originalhabitants：

Indian

Immigrantsfromallovertheworld（mainlyfromEurope

Originalhabitants:

the

EskimosorInuitandIndians

Immigrations（mainlydescendantofBritainand

France）

Firstinhabitants:

indigenous

Australians

Immigration（mainlyfrom

Britain）

Firstinhabitants:

Maori（10%）

Immigration:

allaroundtheworld

cities

London（capital,largestcity,largestport）

Birmingham（secondlargest）

Edinburgh（capitalofScotland）

Cardiff（capitalofWales）

Belfast（capitalofnorthernIreland）

Glasgow（thirdlargest,largestcityandportinScotland）

Manchester（centeroftextile）

WashingtonD.C.（capital）

NewYork（biggestcityandport,’thebigapple’,’Gotham’,

Thecitythatneversleeps’,

‘thecapitaloftheworld’,’the

Empirecity’）

Boston（美国雅典）

LosAngeles（加州最大城市，secondlargest）

Chicago（thirdlargestcity，

Called’thesecondcity’,’thewindycity’）

SanFrancisco（西海岸门户）

Quebec（largestprovince,Frenchculture）

Toronto（largest）

Montreal（second）

Vancouver（third）

Ottawa（capital）

Canberra（capital）

Sydney（largest）

Melbourne（second,cultural

Andsportscenter）

States:

Newsouthwales（oldest,

Largestpopulation）

WesternAustralia（biggest

State）

Tasmania（smalleststate）

Wellington（capital）

Auckland（largest）

History

GreatBritain

America

Canada

Australia

NewZealand

In700BC,TheCeltscameintoBritain

1600-1900

Pre-Columbianperiod

Thecontinentwasfounded

ByanItalianexplorerjohn

Cabot

WilliamDampierwasthefirstEnglishmantoreach

AustraliaandJamescookfinallyputitonthemap

ThefirstEnglishmantothiscountrywascaptainJamesCook

（55BC-410AD）

In55BC,JuliusCaesarattacked

Butfailed

In43AD,ClaudiusconqueredthecountrywithoutScotland

1492,ChristopherColumbus

Foundthenewcontinent

1607,firstcolonywasfounded

AtJamestown,Virginia

In1608,SamueldeChamplain

EstablishedthehabitationinQuebeccity

OnJanuary1th,1901,thecommonwealthofAustraliacameintobeing

thefirstministerwasEdmundBarton

In1840,theTreatyofWaitangiwassignedbetweenWilliamHobsonandvariousMaorichiefs,whichbroughtthecountryintotheBritainEmpireandgaveMaorithesamerights

（446-871）

Theangles,SaxonsandjutescametoBritain

In1776,thecoloniesproclaim

Theindependenceandthe

Declarationofindependence

Wasdrafted

Afterthesevenyears’war,

TheFrenchwereforcedtogivetheCanadatoBritain

1916,AnzacDay（澳新军团节）wasAustralia’smostimportantholiday

In1865,thecapitalWallingtonwassettled

In1066，TheNormanconquestbuilttheFeudalsysteminEnglandIntroducedChristianity

In1783,thetreatyofParies

RecognizedtheUSA

1789,thegovernmentwasset

TheQuebecactof1774grantedthepeopleofQuebec

RightsasFrenchCanadians

1950-1966，therewasaboomineconomicgrowthundermenzies’srule

In1893,NewZealandbecamethefirstcountrytogivewomanthe

Righttovote

In1215,Thegreatcharter—alimitationOfthepoweroftheking

1861-1865,thecivilwarandLincolndeclaredEmancipation

Proclamation,in1865,theThirteenthAmendmentbannedslavery

In1867,threecolonies-Quebec

NewBrunswickandnovascotiajoinedinaconfederationbythe

BritishNorthAmericaAct

In1972,goughWhitlamestablishedrelationship

WithChina

In1216,ThesummonofthegreatCouncillaterdevelopedintoThehouseoflordsandthe

Houseofcommons

USjointtheworldwarinApril

1917

In1931,Canadabecameamemberofthecommonwealth

Ofnations

（1337-1453）

Thehundredyearswarwith

France（reducedlaborlargely）

In1920s,Americaenjoyedaperiodofunbalancedprosperity-materialsuccessbutspiritualfrustrationorconfusion

In1949,newfoundlandbecame

Canada’stenthprovince

（1455-1485）

Thewarofroses

Lancaster-redrose

York-whiterose

HenryTudorwonthebattle

In1920s,Americaexperienced

ThegreatdepressionandfranklinRoosevelt’sNewDeal

（1642-1651）

Thecivilwars

Charles（supportfromnorth

Andwest）

Theparliament（southeast）

Charleswasexecutedin1649

In1660,Therestoration

KingCharles2ndreturnfromFrance）

In1941,japanattackthepearl

HarborandthenextdayUSAjointthesecondworldwar

‘adatewhichwillliveininfamy’

In1688,Thegloriousrevolution

WilliamoforangeandMarypassedBillofRights

1707TheActofUnionunitedEnglandandScotland

In1949,thenorthAtlantictreatywassigned-militaryalliance

（1780-1830）

Theindustrialrevolution

1950-1975,theVietnamwar,

Thepolicyofcontainmentbadlyinfluencethecountry

（1830-1848）

Thechartistmovement

TheparliamentpassedThePeople’sCharter

1945-1989,thecoldwarbetweenAmericaandthesovietunion-theKoreanwarandtheCubanmissilecrisis

Politics

GreatBritain

America

Canada

Australia

NewZealand

Thestatesystem

Constitutionalmonarchy

Establishedonthebasisofthreemainprinciples:

Federalism,theseparationof

Powers（checksandbalance）andrespectfortheconstitution（oldestintheworld）andtheruleoflaw

名义上是constitutional

Monarchy实际上是

Parliamentarydemocracy

Theheadofstate:

Elizabeth2th

Theviceroy（总督）

Primeminister

Federation

Thehead:

thequeenofUK

Itconsistsofthefederalparliament,sixstate

Parliamentsandgovernments,about900localgovernmentsandsixstategovernors

Asovereignindependent

State,withaparliamentary

Governmentanda

Constitutionalmonarchy

Head:

queenElizabeth2th

Executivepower

UKgovernment,primeministeristheheadofgovernmentand20ministersmakeupthecabinet

Presidentiselectedtoa4year

Termwithonlytwoterms

Thegovernorgeneralisappointedbythemonarchontheadviceoftheprimeministerusuallyfor5-yearterm

Thecabinet

Thegovernmentisformedby

Thepartythatholdsamajorityofseats

Thegovernorgeneralisappointedbythemonarchontheadviceoftheprimeministerusuallyfor5-yeartermThecabinet

Legislativepower

Thegovernmentandthetwochambersofparliament

Thehouseofrepresentatives（2-yeartermwith435members）

Andthesenate（6-yeartermwith100members）

Judiciary

Independentoftheabovetwo,Britainhadnowrittenconstitutionsandtheconstitutionconsistsofstatelaw,thecommonlawsandconventions

Thesupremecourt（createdbytheconstitution,1chiefjustice

And8associatejustices）

Federalcourtsofappeal（11）

Federaldistrict（91）

Supremecourt（1chiefjusticeand8puisnejusticeuntiltheageof75）

Provincecourt

Nativecourt

Itisindependentofthe

government

parliament

Thesupremelegislativebody,itconsistsofthesovereign,thehouseoflords（temporalandspiritual）andthehouseofcommons（651membersandelectionheldevery5years）

Themonarch,thesenate（105membersuntiltheageof75）andThehouseofcommons（308members,lessthan5years）

Thehouseofrepresentatives（150membersfor3-yearterm）andthesenate（76membersfor6-yearterm）

Electiontakeplaceevery3years

Hasonlyonechamber-

Thehouseofrepresentatives（120membersandelectedfor3

years

parties

Mainparties

Conservativeparty

Laborparty

Theliberaldemocrats（

Thirdlargestparty）

Thedemocraticparty

Therepublicanparty

Theliberalparty

Theprogressiveconservative

party

Australianlaborparty

LiberalpartyofAustralia

NationalpartyofAustralia

Thenationalparty（center-

Rightconservative）

Thelaborparty（center-left

Progressive）

Economy

GreatBritain

America

Canada

Australia

NewZealand

Primaryindustries

Agriculture:

2%population

Manage70%land

Thebestlandisinthe

Southeast

Maincrops:

wheat,barley

Fishing

Mining:

coal

Produce1/4ofworldgrainandsell1/2ofthegrain

Produce50%ofthecornintheworld（Midwest,Iowa）

Biggestproduceranduserof

Tobaccointheworld

Oneoftheworld’slargest

Supplierofagriculturalproducts

MainlyproduceWheat

NaturalresourcesmainlyexporttoJapan,Ch