联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约中英对照.docx

联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约中英对照.docx

《联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约中英对照.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约中英对照.docx（47页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

联合国国家及其财产管辖豁免公约中英对照

UnitedNationsConventiononJurisdictionalImmunitiesof

StatesandTheirProperty

TheStatesPartiestothepresentConvention,

ConsideringthatthejurisdictionalimmunitiesofStatesandtheir

propertyaregenerallyacceptedasaprincipleofcustomaryinternationallaw,

Havinginmindtheprinciplesofinternationallawembodiedinthe

CharteroftheUnitedNations,

Believingthataninternationalconventiononthejurisdictional

immunitiesofStatesandtheirpropertywouldenhancetheruleoflawand

legalcertainty,particularlyindealingsofStateswithnaturalorjuridical

persons,andwouldcontributetothecodificationanddevelopmentof

internationallawandtheharmonizationofpracticeinthisarea,

TakingintoaccountdevelopmentsinStatepracticewithregardtothe

jurisdictionalimmunitiesofStatesandtheirproperty,

Affirmingthattherulesofcustomaryinternationallawcontinueto

governmattersnotregulatedbytheprovisionsofthepresentConvention,

Haveagreedasfollows:

PartI

Introduction

Article1

ScopeofthepresentConvention

ThepresentConventionappliestotheimmunityofaStateandits

propertyfromthejurisdictionofthecourtsofanotherState.

Article2

Useofterms

1.ForthepurposesofthepresentConvention:

（a）“court”meansanyorganofaState,howevernamed,entitledto

exercisejudicialfunctions;

（b）“State”means:

（i）theStateanditsvariousorgansofgovernment;

（ii）constituentunitsofafederalStateorpoliticalsubdivisionsofthe

State,whichareentitledtoperformactsintheexerciseofsovereign

authority,andareactinginthatcapacity;

–2–

（iii）agenciesorinstrumentalitiesoftheStateorotherentities,tothe

extentthattheyareentitledtoperformandareactuallyperformingacts

intheexerciseofsovereignauthorityoftheState;

（iv）representativesoftheStateactinginthatcapacity;

（c）“commercialtransaction”means:

（i）anycommercialcontractortransactionforthesaleofgoodsor

supplyofservices;

（ii）anycontractforaloanorothertransactionofafinancialnature,

includinganyobligationofguaranteeorofindemnityinrespectofany

suchloanortransaction;

（iii）anyothercontractortransactionofacommercial,industrial,

tradingorprofessionalnature,butnotincludingacontractof

employmentofpersons.

2.Indeterminingwhetheracontractortransactionisa“commercial

transaction”underparagraph1（c）,referenceshouldbemadeprimarilytothe

natureofthecontractortransaction,butitspurposeshouldalsobetakeninto

accountifthepartiestothecontractortransactionhavesoagreed,orif,inthe

practiceoftheStateoftheforum,thatpurposeisrelevanttodeterminingthe

non-commercialcharacterofthecontractortransaction.

3.Theprovisionsofparagraphs1and2regardingtheuseoftermsinthe

presentConventionarewithoutprejudicetotheuseofthosetermsortothe

meaningswhichmaybegiventotheminotherinternationalinstrumentsorin

theinternallawofanyState.

Article3

PrivilegesandimmunitiesnotaffectedbythepresentConvention

1.ThepresentConventioniswithoutprejudicetotheprivilegesand

immunitiesenjoyedbyaStateunderinternationallawinrelationtothe

exerciseofthefunctionsof:

（a）itsdiplomaticmissions,consularposts,specialmissions,missions

tointernationalorganizationsordelegationstoorgansofinternational

organizationsortointernationalconferences;and

（b）personsconnectedwiththem.

2.ThepresentConventioniswithoutprejudicetoprivilegesand

immunitiesaccordedunderinternationallawtoheadsofStateratione

personae.

3.ThepresentConventioniswithoutprejudicetotheimmunitiesenjoyed

byaStateunderinternationallawwithrespecttoaircraftorspaceobjects

ownedoroperatedbyaState.

–3–

Article4

Non-retroactivityofthepresentConvention

Withoutprejudicetotheapplicationofanyrulessetforthinthepresent

ConventiontowhichjurisdictionalimmunitiesofStatesandtheirpropertyare

subjectunderinternationallawindependentlyofthepresentConvention,the

presentConventionshallnotapplytoanyquestionofjurisdictionalimmunities

ofStatesortheirpropertyarisinginaproceedinginstitutedagainstaState

beforeacourtofanotherStatepriortotheentryintoforceofthepresent

ConventionfortheStatesconcerned.

PartII

Generalprinciples

Article5

Stateimmunity

AStateenjoysimmunity,inrespectofitselfanditsproperty,fromthe

jurisdictionofthecourtsofanotherStatesubjecttotheprovisionsofthe

presentConvention.

Article6

ModalitiesforgivingeffecttoStateimmunity

1.AStateshallgiveeffecttoStateimmunityunderarticle5byrefraining

fromexercisingjurisdictioninaproceedingbeforeitscourtsagainstanother

Stateandtothatendshallensurethatitscourtsdetermineontheirown

initiativethattheimmunityofthatotherStateunderarticle5isrespected.

2.AproceedingbeforeacourtofaStateshallbeconsideredtohavebeen

institutedagainstanotherStateifthatotherState:

（a）isnamedasapartytothatproceeding;or

（b）isnotnamedasapartytotheproceedingbuttheproceedingin

effectseekstoaffecttheproperty,rights,interestsoractivitiesofthatother

State.

Article7

Expressconsenttoexerciseofjurisdiction

1.AStatecannotinvokeimmunityfromjurisdictioninaproceedingbefore

acourtofanotherStatewithregardtoamatterorcaseifithasexpressly

consentedtotheexerciseofjurisdictionbythecourtwithregardtothematter

orcase:

（a）byinternationalagreement;

（b）inawrittencontract;or

–4–

（c）byadeclarationbeforethecourtorbyawrittencommunication

inaspecificproceeding.

2.AgreementbyaStatefortheapplicationofthelawofanotherState

shallnotbeinterpretedasconsenttotheexerciseofjurisdictionbythecourts

ofthatotherState.

Article8

Effectofparticipationinaproceedingbeforeacourt

1.AStatecannotinvokeimmunityfromjurisdictioninaproceedingbefore

acourtofanotherStateifithas:

（a）itselfinstitutedtheproceeding;or

（b）intervenedintheproceedingortakenanyothersteprelatingto

themerits.However,iftheStatesatisfiesthecourtthatitcouldnothave

acquiredknowledgeoffactsonwhichaclaimtoimmunitycanbebaseduntil

afterittooksuchastep,itcanclaimimmunitybasedonthosefacts,provided

itdoessoattheearliestpossiblemoment.

2.AStateshallnotbeconsideredtohaveconsentedtotheexerciseof

jurisdictionbyacourtofanotherStateifitintervenesinaproceedingortakes

anyotherstepforthesolepurposeof:

（a）invokingimmunity;or

（b）assertingarightorinterestinpropertyatissueintheproceeding.

3.TheappearanceofarepresentativeofaStatebeforeacourtofanother

StateasawitnessshallnotbeinterpretedasconsentbytheformerStatetothe

exerciseofjurisdictionbythecourt.

4.FailureonthepartofaStatetoenteranappearanceinaproceeding

beforeacourtofanotherStateshallnotbeinterpretedasconsentbytheformer

Statetotheexerciseofjurisdictionbythecourt.

Article9

Counterclaims

1.AStateinstitutingaproceedingbeforeacourtofanotherStatecannot

invokeimmunityfromthejurisdictionofthecourtinrespectofany

counterclaimarisingoutofthesamelegalrelationshiporfactsastheprincipal

claim.

2.AStateinterveningtopresentaclaiminaproceedingbeforeacourtof

anotherStatecannotinvokeimmunityfromthejurisdictionofthecourtin

respectofanycounterclaimarisingoutofthesamelegalrelationshiporfacts

astheclaimpresentedbytheState.

–5–

3.AStatemakingacounterclaiminaproceedinginstitutedagainstit

beforeacourtofanotherStatecannotinvokeimmunityfromthejurisdictionof

thecourtinrespectoftheprincipalclaim.

PartIII

ProceedingsinwhichStateimmunitycannotbeinvoked

Article10

Commercialtransactions

1.IfaStateengagesinacommercialtransactionwithaforeignnaturalor

juridicalpersonand,byvirtueoftheapplicablerulesofprivateinternational

law,differencesrelatingtothecommercialtransactionfallwithinthe

jurisdictionofacourtofanotherState,theStatecannotinvokeimmunityfrom

thatjurisdictioninaproceedingarisingoutofthatcommercialtransaction.

2.Paragraph1doesnotapply:

（a）inthecaseofacommercialtransactionbetweenStates;or

（b）ifthepartiestothecommercialtransactionhaveexpresslyagreed

otherwise.

3.WhereaStateenterpriseorotherentityestablishedbyaStatewhichhas

anindependentlegalpersonalityandiscapableof:

（a）suingorbeingsued;and

（b）acquiring,owningorpossessinganddisposingofproperty,

includingpropertywhichthatStatehasauthorizedittooperateormanage,

isinvolvedinaproceedingwhichrelatestoacommercialtransactioninwhich

thatentityisengaged,theimmunityfromjurisdictionenjoyedbythatState

shallnotbeaffected.

Article11

Contractsofemployment

1.UnlessotherwiseagreedbetweentheStatesconcerned,aStatecannot

invokeimmunityfromjurisdictionbeforeacourtofanotherStatewhichis

otherwisecompetentinaproceedingwhichrelatestoacontractof

employmentbetweentheStateandanindividualforworkperformedortobe

performed,inwholeorinpart,intheterritoryofthatotherState.

2.Paragraph1doesnotapplyif:

（a）theemployeehasbeenrecruitedtoperformparticularfunctionsin

theexerciseofgovernmentalauthority;

（b）theemployeeis:

–6–

（i）adiplomaticagent,asdefinedintheViennaConventionon

DiplomaticRelationsof1961;

（ii）aconsularofficer,as