跨文化交际考试重点归纳Word下载.docx

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Understanding）,以及E（culturalpuzzles）

Terms

Unit1

1・Economicglobalization:

经济全球化theintegrationofnationaleconomiesinto

theinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.

2・Globalvillage:

地球木寸Allthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet・3・Meltingpot:

大熔炉asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferent

backgroundsandnationalities・

4.CulturalDiversity:

文化多样性themixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsubculturestowhichmembers

belong・

5.Interculturalcommunication:

跨文化交际communicationbetweenpeoplewhose

culturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent・

6.Culture:

文化alearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelatively

largegroupofpeople・7.Enculturation:

文化适应alltheactivitiesoflearningone'

sculturearecalledenculturation.

8・Acculturation:

文化传入theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures・9.Ethnocentrism:

民族优越?

感thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior・

10.Communication:

交际tosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge・（以下为componentsof

communication）

PS:

whatisthedifferencebetweenencoding&

decoding

Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol・

Decodingistheprocessofassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.

11.Source发送信息的人Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocommunicate・

12.Encoding编码Unfortunately（orperhapsfortunately）,humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretoconimunicate・Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol・

13.Message信，息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought・Encodingistheprocess,theverb;

themessageistheresultingobject・

14.Channel渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted・Thechannelormedium,

then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.

15.Noise噪咅Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes・

16.Receiver接的人Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage・

17.Decoding解码Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess・Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived・

18.Receiverresponse反馈Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage・Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage・

19.Feedback反馈Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning・

20.Context语境Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext・Generally,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichtheconimunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.

精讲案例Case1（p.1）case2（p.2）

思考题

1、whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage?

P8-9+

简要说明

convenienttransportationsystems

innovativecommunicationsystems

economicglobalization

widespreadmigrations

2・Whatarethethreeingredientsofculture?

Artifacts（thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce）

Behavior（whattheydo）

Concept（whattheythink）

3.Howtounderstandculturaliceberg?

P7

Theaspectsofculturethatareexplicit,visible,taught・

Theaspectsofculturethatareintangibleandnottaughtdirectly.

4.Whatarethecharacteristicofculture?

Shared,learned,dynamic,ethnocentric（文化中心主义）,

5・Whatarethecharacteristicofcommunication?

Dynamic,irreversible,symbolic,systematic,transactional,contextual

Unit2-4

11.Pragmatics:

inJUthestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhuman

perceptionsandbehavior・

12.Semantics:

语意thestudyofthemeaningofwords・

13.Denotation:

字面意思theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword

theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning・

14.Connotation:

弓玄夕卜之音thesuggestivemeaningofawordallthevalues,judgments,andbeliefsimpliedbyaword,thehistoricaland

associativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning・

15.Taboo:

禁忌语someobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons・16.Euphemism：

委婉语theactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive・

精讲案例Case1,case2（p.17）case4（p.19）Case2（p43）case3

（p.45）Case1（p.67）case3（p.69）

6・HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?

（P.33）

TheAmericanstendtoaddressonlywithgivennameswhilethe

Chinesemayusethefullname・EvenwhenthefullnamesareusedinsomeformaloccasionsbytheAmericans,thegivennameswouldbeplacedbeforethesurnamewhiletheChinesewoulddotheopposite・

ChineseoftenextendkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriagewhiletheAmericansseldomdoso.

TheChinesetendtoaddressthepeoplewithtitlesbutinEnglishonlyafewoccupationortitlescouldbeused・

7・Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments?

（p.60）（答案p50第一段）

Complimentshaveaseriesofsocialfunctions:

creatingorreinforcingsolidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksor

congratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism,startingaconversation,orevenovercomingembarrassment・Unit5

17.Chronemics:

时T可学Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime・

18.Monochronictime:

一元时'

间概念payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonething

atatime・

19.Polychronictime:

多元时间概念beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce・

20.Proxemics:

空「可学theperceptionanduseofspace・

21.Kinetics:

身势学thestudyofbodylanguage

22.Paralanguage:

Winvolvingsoundsbutnotwordsandlying

between

verbalandnonverbalcommunication.

精讲案例case1（p.85）case3（p.87）case5,6（p.90）case7（p.91）思考题

8・WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-timeandP-time?

（p97）

M-timemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime・

M-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentationandpromptness・Itfeaturesoneeventatatime・Timeisperceivedasalinearstructureandsomethingconcretetangible・

P-timemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce・

P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound・Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametime・Itismoreflexibleandhuman-centered.

9.whatisthemeaningofcommongesturesinEnglish?

P114（答案P233-234）

Unit6

精讲案例case1（p.115）case2（p.116）p.124-126中的小案例

9.Howisgenderdifferentfromsex?

（p.129）（答案P.119/120）

10.Whathasinfluencedthegendersocialization?

Therearetwoprimaryinfluencesongendersocialization:

familycommunication,particularlybetweenmothersandchildrenandrecreationalinteractionamongchildren.

11.Whatarethesixprinciplesforeffectivecross-gendercommunication?

（p.129）（答案127-128）

Suspendjudgement,recognizethevalidityofdifferentcommunicationstyles,providetranslationcues,enlargeyourowncommunicationstyle,suspendjudgement・12.whatarethecharacteristicsoffemininetalkandmasculinetalkrespectively?

P123

Un辻7

精讲案例case1（p.137）case3（p.139）

13.Discusstheconceptsofhighcontextcultureandlowcontextculture（pl53）（结合

最后一个单元中ppt的讲解，了解high-contextculture和low-contextculture两个

概念）

Ahigh-contextcommunicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage・Inhigh-contextcultures,verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthesurroundingcontext,whichincludestheoverallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.（沉默是金;

一切尽在不言中；

心

有灵犀一点通）

Alowcontextcommunicationisthejusttheopposite;

i・e・themassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode・

High-contextculturelow-contextculture

JapaneseChineseKoreanAmerican・・GermanGerman-Swiss

Unit9

23.Aplanetaryculture:

行星文化aculturethatintegrateseasternmysticismwith

westernscienceandrationalism.

24.Interculturalperson:

跨文化的人representssomeonewhosecognitive,affective,

andbehavioralcharacteristicsarenotlimitedbutopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparametersofhisorherownculture・

13.WhataretheAmerican/ChineseculturalvalueslikeintermsofCulturalOrientationputforwardbyKluckhohnandStrodtbeck?

（ppt中的补充内容）

sfarasthehumannatureisconcerned,AmericancultureholdsthatitisevilbutA

perfectiblethroughhardwork・Astotherelationofmantonature,theythinkmankindcanconquernature・Theyalsohavealineartimeconceptandthereforetheyarefuture-oriented・Theyfocusondoingandthinkthatonlyact