跨文化交际考试重点.docx

跨文化交际考试重点.docx

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跨文化交际考试重点

第三单元DefinitionsofCulture

☐Cultureistheholisticinterrelationshipofagroup’sidentity,beliefs,values,activities,rules,customs,communicationpatterns,andinstitutions.—CarleyH.Dodd《跨文化交际动力》2006:

36

☐文化是“一个复杂的整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的任何能力和习惯”。

—泰勒（EdwardTyler）《原始文化》1871

☐文化是一个群体共享的思想、信仰、行为和情感方式，它既是该群体认识世界的依据，也是该群体的行为模式和生活方式，还是该群体的意义系统。

—张红玲《跨文化外语教学》2005：

157

☐Anegotiatedsetofsharedsymbolicsystemsthatguideindividualsbehaviorsandinclinethemtofunctionasagroup.一个经过协商的、用于指导个人行为并使他们成为一个整体的共有符号系统。

—陈国明WilliamJ.Starosta《跨文化交际学基础》

☐文化是人类在社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。

一般分为物态、制度、行为、心态四个层次。

第四单元

StressinCulturalEncounters

☐Whyisinteractingwithforeignerssometimesstressful?

☐Whatis“cultureshock”?

☐Whatdoyouneedtolearntobecomeamoreeffectivecommunicator?

StressinCulturalEncounters

☐Foreignlanguageasasourceofstress

☐Uncertainty,stress,andinterculturalencounters

☐Onrisk,stress,andinterculturalencounters

☐Unpredictabilityasasourceofstress

☐Expectationsandinterculturalcommunication

☐Expectationsandadaptingtoanewculture

☐Unfamiliarityasasourceofstress

CultureShock

☐Itisafeelingofbeingconfusedandoverwhelmedbylifeinanotherculture.

☐Itiscausedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.

☐Thesesignsorcuesincludethethousandandonewaysinwhichweorientourselvestothesituationofdailylife:

howtogiveorders,howtomakepurchases,whenandwherenottorespond.

☐Nowthesecueswhichmaybewords,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,ornormsareacquiredbyallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareasmuchapartofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.Allofusdependforourpeaceofmindandefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues,mostofwhichwearenotconsciouslyaware.

Causesofculturalshock

☐Lossofcontrol

☐Beingdeprivedoffamiliarandlovedthingsandpeople

☐Physical,mental,andemotionalfatigue（culturefatigue）

☐Discrepantexpectations,lackofsocialsupportandinsufficientsocialskills

Symptomsofcultureshock

☐Homesickness

☐Boredom

☐Withdrawal

☐Needforexcessiveamountofsleep

☐Compulsiveeatingand/ordrinking

☐Irritability

☐Exaggeratedcleaniness

☐Maritalstress,familytensionandconflict

☐Chauvinisticexcesses

第五六单元ProjectedCulturalSimilarity

☐Thetendencytoassumethatpeoplefromotherculturesbasicallythinkandfeelmoreorlessthesamewaywedo.

☐Therearesufficientsimilaritiesamongpeoplesoftheworldtomakecommunicationeasy.

☐Onceyougetusedtotheirdifferent（dress,manners,style）theyarejustlikeus.

☐Denial,defense,minimization,acceptance,adaptation,andintegration.（Ethnocentrism）

ProjectedCulturalSimilarity

☐TheGoldenRule:

Dountootherswhatyouwouldhavethemdountoyou./Doasyouwouldbedoneby.

☐Donotuntootherswhatyouwouldnotbedoneby.己所不欲勿施于人

☐Expectingotherstobethesameasweare/dothesameaswedo

☐Cultureshock

☐Frustration

☐Wince

☐OtherObstacles:

Stereotype,ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism

☐Assumingthattheworld-viewofone’sowncultureiscentraltoallreality,theideathatyourownrace,nation,groupetcisbetterthananyother

☐Obstaclethatleadstodistrust,conflict,evenhostility

Ethnorelativism

☐Maintainingthatculturescanonlybeunderstoodrelativetooneanother;thereisnoabsolutestandardofrightnessorgoodnessthatcanbeappliedtoculturalbehavior;culturaldifferenceisneithergoodnorbad;itisjustdifferent.Acceptingandallowingdifferencetobedifference.

ComparingCommunicationstyles

☐Direct–indirect

☐Linear–circular

☐Self-enhancement–self-effacement

☐Talk–silence

☐Succinct–elaborate

☐Person-andtask-oriented–relation-andstatus-oriented

Highcontextcommunication

☐Collectivistsareexpectedto“readtheother’smind”duringcommunication,sothemessageisquiteindirect,dependentonhints,theuseoftheeyes,distancebetweenbodies,andsoon.

☐Inspeech,collectivistsemploy‘we’moreoftenandtheydependoncontext（toneofvoice,gesture,posture,etc.）toconveymeaning.

Lowcontextcommunication

☐Inspeech,individualiststendtouse‘I’andemphasizecontent.

☐Individualistssaywhatisontheirminds,evenifitrisksdamagingtherelationship.

☐Americans,valuatingpragmaticaction,arequicktocometothepointinconversations.

☐Theresponsibilityformeaningfallsmainlytothespeakers,whosejobitistoformulateideasintoclearlanguage.Themorelucidspeakersarethemorehighlyregardedtheyareascommunicators.

Loosenessvs.Tightness

☐“Loose”culturesdonotdemandahighdegreeofconformity.

☐“Tight”culturesexpectarelativelyhighdegreeofconformity.

☐Individualistculturestendtobe“looser”thancollectivistcultures.

☐TheMiddleoftheroad/Goldenmean/Happymedium/viamedia

EthnocentrismandProjectedCulturalSimilarity

☐Theyarecloselyrelated,butdescribesomewhatdifferentphenomena.

☐Ethnocentrismistakingone’sownculturalnormsasthestandardbywhichtojudgepeopleofothercultures.

☐Projectedculturalsimilarityisassumingthatpeopleofotherculturesviewthingsthesamewaywedo.

第七单元In-groupsandout-groups

ØWegenerallyhavemorepositivefeelingstowardmembersofourin-groupsthanwedotowardoutsiders.

ØWetendtohaveastrongersenseofobligationtoinsidersthantooutsiders.

ØWetendtojudgein-groupsandout-groupsbydifferentstandards.

ØForbettercommunication,weneedtofindwaystocounter-balanceournaturaltendencytojudgeout-groupsmoreharshly.

第八单元Dealingwithconflict

☐Collectivistsandpreservationofharmony:

Collectivistswanttheirin-groupstobemonolithicandhomogeneous—witheveryonethinking,feeling,andactinginthesameway;theythinkthatinsuchgroups,therewillbeharmony.Theyfeelmorecomfortablethanindividualistsinthepresenceoflike-mindedothers.Individualistsemphasizeharmonylessandoftenthinkthatanargumentclearstheair.

Dealingwithconflict

☐Honestyvs.tact:

collectivistsoftenfindthemselvesinadilemmawhentheyhavetocommunicateanunpleasantmessage.Althoughtheyvaluehonesty,theyvalueevenmorekeepingrelationships.Iftellingthetruthmeansdamagingarelationship,theywouldrathertellawhitelie.

Lyingisanacceptablebehaviorincollectivistcultures,especiallyifitsavesfaceorbenefitstheingroup.Incontrast,individualistsseelyingasbreakingthecontract,andsincecontractsareveryimportant,thisisaseriousoffense.

Dealingwithconflict

☐Americandirectness:

Whenfacedwithaproblem,Americansliketogettoitssource.Thismeansfacingthefacts,meetingtheproblemheedon,puttingthecardsonthetable,andgettinginformation“straightfromthehorse’smouth.”Consistentwiththesetendencies,itisalsodesirabletofacepeopledirectly—toconfrontthem.Confrontationisnotnecessarilyrancorous,butitdoesinvolvereportingone’sfeelingshonestly,expectingreciprocalhonesty,anddealingwiththepersoninvolvedintheproblem.

Dealingwithconflict

☐Americandirectness:

Thereisalso,however,astrongneedtopreserve“surfacecordiality.”Incommunication,Americans（especiallywhitemiddle-class）tendnottoexpressstrongemotions.Americansalsoabidebyastrongconventiontopreservesurfacecordialityinsocialinteractions.Kindwordsandpleasantsmilesarenaturalandexpected;sharpopinionsandcriticalpositionsinface-to-faceencountersareavoidedforfearofdisruptingsocialconviviality.

Dealingwithconflict

☐Americanviewsofconflict:

AttherootoftheAmericanconfrontationstyleistheconceptthatadversariescancompeteagainsteachotherandatthesametimecooperateundertherulesforinterpersonalconflict.

☐Chineseandharmony:

HarmonyisthefoundationofChineseculture.

Dealingwithconflict

☐Chineseprovisionalresponsesthatallowavoidanceofadirect“no”:

⏹It’snotconvenient.

⏹Theremaybesomedifficulties.

⏹Theproblemisn’ttoobig.

⏹Weshouldstudythis.

⏹Weshouldthinkaboutthis.

第十单元Advicefor

communicatingwithwesterners

☐TrynottoreadtoomuchintoNorthAmericans’wordsorbeoversensitivetononverbalnuances.FocusonwhatNorthAmericansactuallysay;whattheysayisoftenwhattheyreallymean.

☐Beawarethatself-affirmationandindividualityareimportanttoNorthAmericans.

☐Beawarethateveryoneshouldbetreatedequally.Oneshouldusepolitespeechwithfamilymembersandintimatefriends,andalsowithstrangers（includingstoreclerks,waiters,andsoforth）.

Advicefor

communicatingwithwesterners

☐AcceptthatNorthAmericansconsideritgoodtospeakdirectlyandthatrequestsareoftenstateddirectlyandexplicitly.

☐RecognizethatbeingassertiveisvaluedinNorthAmericanculture,andthat“no”isacceptedasanassertive—notnecessarilyrude—response.

☐UnderstandthatwhatChineseconsidermodestymaybeviewedbyNorthAmericansaslowself-confidence.Speakpositivelyaboutoneselfandone’sabilitiesisexpected.

Advicefor

communicatingwithwesterners

☐Becautiousaboutaskingpersonalquestions,becauseNorthAmericansmayconsiderthemoffensiveandinsulting.NorthAmericansmayalsofeelthatwhatChineseconsiderguanxin（concern）ismeddlingandintrusive.

☐AcceptthatNorthAmericansliketoexpresstheiropinionsopenly.

Usage

☐toreadinto:

tothinkthatasituation,actionetc,hasameaningorimportancethatitdoesnotreallyhave.理解时加进（原本没有的意思）

⏹Youreadloveintohercasualfriendliness.

⏹Don’treadmoreintoh