精读泛读住宅原型0229Word格式.docx

精读泛读住宅原型0229Word格式.docx

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thathousing,likeallbuildings,toparaphraseGeoffreyScott,mustbeconvenienttouse,soundlybuilt,andbeautiful.

Butwhyprototypes?

Oneoftheessentialpointsofheuristicthought–theprocessofdiscoveryandinventionrelatingtoproblemsolving–istheawarenessthat,untilaproblemisclearlydefined,guessesorconjecturesmustbemadetohelpclarifytheproblem.Duringtheperiodofuncertainty,referencetoanalogousproblemscanbeusedtogiveanewturntoone’sthinking.Throughthestudyofsolutionstorelatedproblems,afreshconclusionmaybereached.

Variouswritershavesuggestedthatitisneverpossibletostateallthedimensionsofaproblem,that“trulyquantifiablecriteriaalwaysleavechoicesforthedesignertomake.”Intheabsenceofcleardesigndeterminants,andtoavoidpurelyintuitiveguessing,ithasbeenarguedthatanalogousreferencemightgivedesigninsight;

thatperhapsaparadigmoftheproblemmightbeacceptedasaprovisionalsolution,oranattackontheproblemmightbemadebyadaptingthesolutiontoapreviousproblem;

thatduringtheperiodwhenmanyofthevariableareunknown,a“typologyofforms”mightbeusedasasimulativetechniquetoclarifytheproblem.

Thenotionofusingananalogousproblemasaparadigmforgaininginsightintoapresentproblemisnot,ofcourse,new.Amathematiciantypicallylooksforanauxillarytheoremhavingthesameorasimilarconclusion.Inarchitecture,inventionoftenpassesthroughaphaseofgroping,whereideasaboutaprojectedbuildingformaretriggeredbyexposuretosomeexistingbuildingwithasimilarprogram,functionalspecification,orsitecondition.Theanalogousbuildingthenbecomesinsomesenseamodeloraprototype.

Theuseofprototypesisespeciallyusefulinthedesignofhousingbecausehousinglendsitselftosystematictypologicalstudy.Mostbuildingtypes,suchastheaters,schools,factories,orevenofficebuildings,havetorespondtodifferentprogramsandarerarelyconsistentandrepetitive.Housing,becauseitconsistsofrepeatingunitswithaconsistentrelationtoverticalandhorizontalcirculation,canmorelogicallybestudiedintermsofitstypologicalvariations.Althoughhousingwouldseemtoembracealmostunlimitedpossiblevariations,infacttherearenotmanybasicorganizationalpossibilitiesandeachhousingtypecanbecategorizedeasily.

Whilebuildingregulations,constructiontechniques,andhousingneedshaveconsiderableimpactontheformthathousingmaytakeatanygiventimeinanygivenculture,stillonlyafewdwellingunittypesareplausible,andtheseunitsmaybecollectedtogetherinonlyafewratherlimitedwaysthatdonotchangeverymuchfromcountrytocountry.AnapartmentbuildingunittodayinZagreb–asanorganizationofbuildingunits–ismuchlikeanapartmentbuildinginBerlinorTokyo.Evenextremeculturalrequirements,suchastheprovisionforatatamilife-styleinMaekawa’sHarumislabinTokyo

（1）,haveresultedinanorganizationthatcaneasilybecomparedtoaWesternmodel:

ParkHillinSheffieldofthesixties

（2）.Forexample,isorganizationallysimilar.Bothhavelargerandsmallerunitsinthetypicalsection.Entrancetothelargerofthetwo–atwo-levelunit–isatthecorridorlevel,withroomsabove:

stairsleadtothesmallerunitbelow.Ineach,therefore,thecorridoroccursateveryotherlevel,andstairsleadupanddownfromthere.Althoughthepositionofthestairs,kitchen,andbotharedifferent–alongparallelwallsinHarumiandinazoneparalleltothecorridorinParkHill–andthesitingsofthebuildingsarequitedifferent,neverthelesstheyareorganizedfundamentallyalike.EventheArabhousingdesignedinMoroccointhefiftiesbyATBAT（3）,whereculturalrequirementsdictatedabsolutevisualprivacy,outdoorcooking,andalackoftheusualroomsubdivisionsandconventionaltoilets,resultedinabuildingwhich,althoughithasapeculiarcheckerboardelevation,ismoreorlessaconventionalsingle-loaded,galleryaccessapartmentbuilding.

Whateverhiscultural,economicandtechnicalconstraints,everyarchitectisconfrontedwithchoicesandquestionsaboutorganization.Howwilltheindividualapartmentsbearranged?

Howwillthemixofdifferentapartmenttypesbeaccommodated?

Whatcirculationsystems–horizontalandvertical–canservicethismixofapartments?

Whatisthebestcirculationsystem?

Walk-uporsingle-loaded,double-loaded,orskip-stopcorridorsystem?

Whereisentranceandaccesstotheverticalcirculationsystem?

Whatbuildingformdosethiscollectionofunitstake:

low-riseorhigh-rise,rowhouse,slabortower?

Thesefundamentalorganizationquestionsarepertinenttoanyhousingproject.ModernHousingPrototypesisintendedtoprovidethearchitectwithasetofanaloguesreferencestohelphimsolvethesebasicorganizationalproblems.

FIGURE1HarumiApartmentHouse,Tokyo.KunioMaekawa,1958.

FIGURE2ParkHill,Sheffield.LewisWomersley,1959.

FIGURE3Housing,Morocco.ATBAT,1950.

Wordsandphrases

1.prototypesn.原型

2.heuristicadj.启发式的

3.criterian.标准

4.intuitiveadj.直觉的

5.paradigmn.范例

6.typologyn.类型学

7.archetypen.原型，原始模型

8.typologicaladj.类型（学）的

9.circulationn.流线

10.plausibleadj.似是而非的

11.sitingn.选址

12.single-loadedadj.外廊式的

13.galleryaccessadj.走廊进入式的

14.Walk-upn.无电梯的公寓，adj.无电梯的

15.double-loadedadj.内廊式的

16.skip-stopcorridor隔层设置的走廊

17.low-riseadj.低层的

18.high-riseadj.高层的

19.rowhouseadj.联排式住宅

20.slabn.板式建筑

21.towern.塔式建筑

Unit11

UnitTypes

Beginningwithbasicapartmentsorunits,onlytwoaresuitableforrepetitiveuse;

oneother–the90°

double-orientationunit–haslimitedapplication.Thebasictypesare:

Single-orientationunit

Double-OrientationUnit90°

Double-OrientationUnit,open-ended

Eachofthesethreeunittypehasseveraltypicalvariations,dependinguponthepositioningofcoreelements–kitchen,bathandstairs（whenusedinsidetheunit）–theentranceoptions,andthedepthsnecessaryfornaturallight.Minimumunitdimensionsvaryfromcountrytocountryasbuildingregulationsandconstructionpracticesdiffer,andthearrangementofcoreelements,naturallight,andventilationrequirementschangefromplacetoplace.

Unitsthatopenorfacetoonesidecomeintwotypes:

withcoreelementsarrangedalongtransversewalls,perpendiculartothecorridor.Althoughtheseunitshaveapreferredside–theyfaceoutwardandaremostoftenusedwherethreesidesareclosedexceptfortheentrancefromthecorridor（atypicaldouble-loadedcorridorarrangement）–somesingle-loaded,opengallery-accessversionsmayhavesomeminorwindowsopeningtothegallery.

Single-orientationunit:

transversecore.Thistypehastheadvantageofusingthetransversestructuralwallforcoreelements,sothatmostplumbingandmechanicalstacksareadjacenttostructuralwallsinaback-to-backarrangementbetweenunits.Theobviousdisadvantagewiththetypeisthatthekitchenandinsomecasesthebatharetakingupexteriorsurfacewhichcouldbebetterusedforlivingandsleepingareas,sinceundermanybuildingcodesthekitchenandbathdonotrequirenaturallightandventilation.Anawkwardplancanresultwhenthekitchenisononetransversewallandthebathontheother.Also,theblankexteriorwallsthatcoreelementstendtocreate（especiallywiththesmallwindowstypicallyusedinakitchenorbath）generateelevationalproblems:

theseblanksurfacesalsocontradictthepreferredsidecharacteristicsofthetype.

Thetypicalunitmayincludeaschemewherethekitchenandbatharetogetherononewallwiththekitchentotheoutside,liketheSorgenfriblockinMalmo,Sweden,byJaeneckeandSamuelson（4）.Othervariationsincludetwo-storyunitssuchasLincolnEstateslabbyJ.I.Martin（5）.Heretwounitsinterlockaroundaninteriorcoreofstairsandtoilets;

thekitchenineachunitisinazonealongthetransversewallononesideofthebuilding.ParkHill

（2）hasasimilararrangementalthoughitemploysanalternatelevelcorridor;

theflooraboveandbelowthecorridorlevelaredouble-orientationunittypes（openbothfrontandrear）,withthekitchensliningupononesideofthebuilding.

FIGURE4Sorgenfriapartmentblock,Malmo,Sweden,JaeneckeandSamuelson,1959

FIGURE5LincolnEstate,London.Martin,Bennett,andLewis,1960.

1.Single-orientationunit单一朝向的单元

2.Double-OrientationUnit90°

转角单元

3.Double-OrientationUnit,open-ended双向开敞的单元

4.ventilationn.通风

5.perpendicularadj.垂直的

6.transverseadj.横的

7.coren.核，核心

8.plumbingn.管道工程

9.stackn.堆，v.堆叠

10.back-to-back

11.takeup占据

12.buildingcodes建筑规范

13.schemen.配置，计划

14.interlockvi.结合，连结，互锁vt.使联锁，使连结

15.rearn.后面，后方adj.后面的

Unit12

RogerSher