英国文学史复习总结.docx

英国文学史复习总结.docx

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英国文学史复习总结

AConciseHistoryofBritishLiterature

　　Chapter1EnglishLiteratureofAnglo-SaxonPeriod

　　I.Introduction

　　1.Thehistoricalbackground

（1）BeforetheGermanicinvasion

（2）DuringtheGermanicinvasion

　　a.immigration;

　　b.Christianity;

　　c.heptarchy.

　　d.socialclassesstructure:

hide-hundred;eoldermen（lord）–thane-middleclass（freemen）-lowerclass（slaveorbondmen:

theow）;

　　e.socialorganization:

clanortribes.

　　f.militaryOrganization;

　　g.Churchfunction:

spirit,civilservice,education;

　　h.economy:

coins,trade,slavery;

　　i.feastsandfestival:

Halloween,Easter;j.legalsystem.

　　2.TheOverviewoftheculture

（1）ThemixtureofpaganandChristianspirit.

（2）Literature:

a.poetry:

twotypes;b.prose:

twofigures.

　　II.Beowulf.

　　1.Ageneralintroduction.

　　2.Thecontent.

　　3.Theliteraryfeatures.

（1）theuseofalliteration

（2）theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements

　　（3）themixtureofpaganandChristianelements

　　III.TheOldEnglishProse

　　1.Whatisprose?

　　2.figures

（1）TheVenerableBede

（2）AlfredtheGreat

　Chapter2EnglishLiteratureoftheLateMedievalAgesI.Introduction

　　1.TheHistoricalBackground.

（1）Theyear1066:

NormanConquest.

（2）Thesocialsituationssoonaftertheconquest.

　　A.Normannoblesandserfs;

　　B.restorationofthechurch.

　　（3）The11thcentury.

　　A.thecrusadeandknights.

　　B.dominanceofFrenchandLatin;

　　（4）The12thcentury.

　　A.thecentralizedgovernment;

　　B.kingsandthechurch（HenryIIandThomas）;

　　（5）The13thcentury.

　　A.ThelegendofRobinHood;

　　B.MagnaCarta（1215）;

　　C.thebeginningoftheParliament

　　D.EnglishandLatin:

officiallanguages（theend）

　　（6）The14thcentury.

　　a.theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons—conflictbetweentheParliamentandKings;

　　b.theriseoftowns.

　　c.thechangeofChurch.

　　d.theroleofwomen.

　　e.theHundredYears'War—starting.

　　f.thedevelopmentofthetrade:

London.

　　g.theBlackDeath.

　　h.thePeasants'Revolt—1381.

　　i.ThetranslationofBiblebyWycliff.

　　（7）The15thcentury.

　　a.ThePeasantsRevolt（1453）

　　b.TheWarofRosesbetweenLancastersandYorks.

　　c.theprinting-press—WilliamCaxton.

　　d.thestartingofTudorMonarchy（1485）

　　2.TheOverviewofLiterature.

（1）thestoriesfromtheCelticlandsofWalesandBrittany—greatmythsoftheMiddleAges.

（2）GeoffryeofMonmouth—HistoriaRegumBritanniae—KingAuthur.

　　（3）Wace—LeRomandeBrut.

　　（4）Theromance.

　　（5）thesecondhalfofthe14thcentury:

Langland,Gawinpoet,Chaucer.

　　II.SirGawinandGreenKnight.

　　1.ageneralintroduction.

　　2.theplot.

　　III.WilliamLangland.

　　1.Life

　　2.PiersthePlowman

　　IV.Chaucer

　　1.Life

　　2.LiteraryCareer:

threeperiods

（1）Frenchperiod

（2）Italianperiod

　　（3）masterperiod

　　3.TheCanterburyTales

　　A.TheFramework;

　　B.TheGeneralPrologue;

　　C.TheTaleProper.

　　4.HisContribution.

（1）HeintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes.

（2）HeisthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinthecurrentEnglishlanguage.

　　（3）ThespokenEnglishofthetimeconsistedofseveraldialects,andChaucerdidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglishspeech.

　　V.PopularBallads.

　　VI.ThomasMaloryandEnglishProse

　　VII.ThebeginningofEnglishDrama.

　　1.MiraclePlays.

　　MiracleplayormysteryplayisaformofmedievaldramathatcamefromdramatizationoftheliturgyoftheRomanCatholicChurch.Itdevelopedfromthe10thtothe16thcentury,reachingitsheightinthe15thcentury.Thesimplelyriccharacteroftheearlytextswasenlargedbytheadditionofdialogueanddramaticaction.Eventuallytheperformancewasmovedtothechurchyardandthemarketplace.

　　2.MoralityPlays.

　　Amoralityplayisaplayenforcingamoraltruthorlessonbymeansofthespeechandactionofcharacterswhicharepersonifiedabstractions–figuresrepresentingvicesandvirtues,qualitiesofthehumanmind,orabstractconceptionsingeneral.

　　3.Interlude.

　　Theinterlude,whichgrewoutofthemorality,wasintended,asitsnameimplies,tobeusedmoreasafillerthanasthemainpartofanentertainment.Asitsbestitwasshort,witty,simpleinplot,suitedforthediversionofguestsatabanquet,orfortherelaxationoftheaudiencebetweenthedivisionsofaseriousplay.Itwasessentiallyanindoorsperformance,andgenerallyofanaristocraticnature.

Chapter3EnglishLiteratureintheRenaissanceI.AHistoricalBackground

　　II.TheOverviewoftheLiterature（1485-1660）

　　Printingpress—readership—growthofmiddleclass—trade-educationforlaypeople-centralizationofpower-intellectuallife-exploration-newimpetusanddirectionofliterature.

　　Humanism-studyoftheliteratureofclassicalantiquityandreformededucation.

　　Literarystyle-modeledontheancients.

　　Theeffectofhumanism-thedisseminationofthecultivated,clear,andsensibleattitudeofitsclassicallyeducatedadherents.

　　1.poetry

　　ThefirsttendencybySidneyandSpenser:

 ornate,florid,highlyfiguredstyle.

　　ThesecondtendencybyDonne:

metaphysicalstyle—complexityandingenuity.

　　ThethirdtendencybyJohnson:

reaction——Classicallypureandrestrainedstyle.

　　ThefourthtendencybyMilton:

centralChristianandBiblicaltradition.

　　2.Drama

　　a.thenativetraditionandclassicalexamples.

　　b.thedramastandshighestinpopularestimation:

Marlowe–Shakespeare–Jonson.

　　3.Prose

　　a.translationofBible;

　　b.More;

　　c.Bacon.

　　II.Englishpoetry.

　　1.SirThomasWyattandHenryHoward（courtlymakers）

（1）Wyatt:

introducingsonnets.

（2）Howard:

introducingsonnetsandwritingthefirstblankverse.

　　2.SirPhilipSidney—poet,critic,prosewriter

（1）Life:

　　a.Englishgentleman;

　　b.brilliantandfascinatingpersonality;

　　c.courtier.

（2）works

　　a.Arcadia:

pastoralromance;

　　b.AstrophelandStella（108）:

sonnetsequencetoPenelopeDvereux—platonicdevotion.

　　Petrarchanconceitsandoriginalfeelings-movingtocreativeness—building ofanarrativestory;theme-loveoriginality-actofwriting.

　　c.DefenseofPoesy:

anapologyforimaginativeliterature—beginning ofliterarycriticism.

　　3.EdmundSpenser

（1）life:

Cambridge-Sidney'sfriend-“Areopagus”–Ireland-WestminsterAbbey.

（2）works

　　a.TheShepherdsCalendar:

thebuddingofEnglishpoetryinRenaissance.

　　b.AmorettiandEpithalamion:

sonnetsequence

　　c.FaerieQueene:

　　lThegeneralend——Aromanticandallegoricalepic—stepstovirtue.

　　l12booksand12virtues:

 Holiness,temperance,justiceandcourtesy.

　　lTwo-levelfunction:

partofthestoryandpartofallegory（symbolicmeaning）

　　lManyallusionstoclassicalwriters.

　　lThemes:

puritanism,nationalism,humanismandRenaissanceNeoclassicism—aChristianhumanist.

　　（3）SpenserianStanza.

　　III.EnglishProse

　　1.ThomasMore

（1）Life:

“Renaissanceman”,scholar,statesman,theorist,prosewriter,diplomat,patronofarts

　　a.learnedGreekatCanterburyCollege,Oxford;

　　b.studieslawatLincolnInn;

　　c.LordChancellor;

　　d.beheaded.

（2）Utopia:

thefirstEnglishsciencefiction.

　　WritteninLatin,twoparts,thesecond—placeofnowhere.

　　Aphilosophicalmariner（RaphaelHythloday）tellshisvoyagesinwhichhediscoversaland-Utopia.

　　a.Thepartoneisorganizedasdialoguewithmarinerdepictinghisphilosophy.

　　b.Theparttwoisadescriptionoftheislandkingdomwheregoldandsilverarewornbycriminal,religiousfreedomistotalandnooneownsanything.

　　c.thenatureofthebook:

attackingthechiefpoliticalandsocialevilsofhistime.

　　d.thebookandtheRepublic:

anattempttodescribetheRepublicinanewway,butitpossessesanmoderncharacterandtheresemblanceisinexternals.

　　e.itplayedakeyroleintheHumanistawakeningofthe16thcenturywhichmovedawayfromtheMedievalotherworldlinesstowardsRenaissancesecularism.

　　f.theUtopia

　　（3）thesignificance.

　　a.itwasthefirstchampionofnationalideasandnationallanguages;itcreatedanationalprose,equallyadaptedtohandlingscientificandartisticmaterial.

　　b.aelegantLatinscholarandthefatherofEnglishprose:

hecomposedworksinEnglish,translatedfromLatinintoEnglishbiography,wroteHistoryofRichardIII.

　　2.FrancisBacon:

writer,philosopherandstatesman

（1）life:

Cambridge-humanisminParis–knighted-LordChancellor–bribery-focusingonphilosophyandliterature.

（2）philosophicalideas:

advancementofscience—people:

servants andinterpretersofnature—method:

achildbeforenature—factsandobservations:

experimental.

　　（3）“Essays”:

57.

　　a.hewasamasterofnumerousandvariedstyles.

　　b.hismethodistoweighandbalancematers,indicatingtheidealcourseofactionandthepracticalone,pointingouttheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeach,butleavingthereader tomakethefinaldecisions.（arguments）

　　IV.EnglishDrama

　　1.Ageneralsurvey.

（1）Everymanmarksthebeginningofmoderndrama.

（2）twoinfluences.

　　a.theclassics:

classicalinformandEnglishincontent;

　　b.nativeorpopulardrama.

　　（3）theUniversityWits.

　　2.ChristopherMarlowe:

greatestplaywrightbeforeShakespeareandmostgiftedoftheWits.

（1）Life:

firstinterestedinclassicalpoetry—thenindrama.

（2）Majorworks

　　a.Tamburlaine;

　　b.TheJewofMalta;

　　c.TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus.

　　（3）Thesignificanceofhisplays.

　　V.WilliamShakespeare

　　1.Life

（1）1564,Stratford-on-Avon;

（2）GrammarSchool;

　　（3）QueenvisittoCastle;

　　（4）marriagetoAnneHathaway;

　　（5）London,theGlobeTheatre:

smallpartandproprietor;

　　（6）the1stFolio,