分享 散文阅读第三单元笔记 Unit ThreeThe Future of Reading.docx

分享 散文阅读第三单元笔记 Unit ThreeThe Future of Reading.docx

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分享散文阅读第三单元笔记UnitThreeTheFutureofReading

UnitThreeTheFutureofReading

Part1Notestovocabularyandtexts

I.Vocabulary

1.cite:

v.

a）tomentionsomethingasanexample,especiallyonethatsupports,proves,orexplainsanideaorsituation.E.g.Thejudgeciteda1956SupremeCourtrulinginherdecision.

citesomethingassomethingelse.E.g.Severalfactorshavebeencitedasthecauseoftheunrest.

b）togivetheexactwordsofsomethingthathasbeenwritten,especiallyinordertosupportanopinionorproveanideaSYNquote.E.g.ThepassagecitedaboveisfromaRobertFrostpoem.

c）toordersomeonetoappearbeforeacourtoflawSYNsummon.E.g.citesomebodyforsomething/Twomanagershadbeencitedforsimilarinfractions.

d）（BritishEnglish）tomentionsomeonebynameinacourtcase.E.g.Suewascitedinthedivorceproceedings.

e）tomentionsomeonebecausetheydeservepraise.E.g.citesomebody（forsomething）/Garciawascitedforherworkwithdisabledchildren.

2.literacy:

n.thestateofbeingabletoreadandwrite.

3.attendant:

adj.relatingtoorcausedbysomething.

4.cortex:

n.theouterlayerofanorganinyourbody,especiallyyourbrain.

5.hunch:

n.strong,intuitivefeeling,suspicion./intuitivefeelingorapremonition.

6.breach:

n.anactionthatbreaksalaw,rule,oragreement.

7.render:

v.tocausesomeoneorsomethinginaparticularcondition.

8.amorphous:

adj.havingnodefiniteshapeorfeatures.

9.facet:

n.aspect,oneofseveralpartsofaperson'scharacter.

10.avocation:

anactivitytakenupinadditiontoone'sregularworkorprofession,usuallyforenjoyment;ahobby.

11.scriptorium:

awritingroom;specifically,theroomassignedinamonasteryforthecopyingofmanuscripts.

12.mandarinate:

n.thecollectivebodyofofficialsorpersonsofrankinChina.

13.besmirch:

v.tomakedirtyortosoil.

14.grid:

n.thenetworkofroads/thenetworkofelectricitysupplywiresthatconnectpowerstationsandprovideselectricitytobuildingsinanarea.

II.Expressionsfromthetext

1.elementalliteracy:

n.basicskillsofreadingandwritingforeverydayuse.

2.byheart:

byrote,frommemory.

3.politicalreach:

n.scopeofpoliticalinfluence.

III.Notestothetext

1.Gutenberg:

c.1397-1468,Germaninventorandprinter,longcreditedwiththeinventionofamethodofprintingfrommovabletype,includingtheuseofmetalmoldsandalloys,aspecialpress,andoil-basedinks:

amethodthat,withrefinementsandincreasedmechanization,remainedtheprincipalmeansofprintinguntilthelate20thcent.Histype,whichwashandsetwithcharactersofequalheight,wasprintedonhandmadepaper.SimilarprintinghadbeendoneearlierinChinaandKorea.InChinaprintingfrommovablewoodblockswasinventedbyPiShengin1040,andprintingwithmovabletypemadeofclaywasalsoprevalent;inKoreamovablecoppertypewasinventedasearlyas1392.EuropeanswhohavebeenthoughtbysometohaveprecededGutenberginthepracticeofhisartincludeLaurensJanszoonKoster,ofHolland,andPamfiloCastaldi,ofItaly.Earlyinthe21stcent.scholars,usingcomputertechnology,proposedthatGutenberg'smovabletypemayactuallyhavebeensandcast,ratherthanproducedinmetalmolds.Iftrue,thiswouldindicatethatthedevelopmentofWesternprintingtechnologywassomewhatmoregradualthanpreviouslythought.

EvidenceindicatesthatGutenbergwasborninMainz,trainedasagoldsmith,andenteredapartnershipinwhichhetaughthisfriendshissecretprofessionofprintinginthe1430s.HelivedinStrasbourgforsomeyears,andhemayhavemadehisgreatinventiontherein1436or1437;hereturnedtoMainz（c.1446）andformedapartnershipwithagoldsmith,JohannFust.Gutenberg'sgoalwastomechanicallyreproducemedievalliturgicalmanuscriptswithoutlosingtheircolororbeautyofdesign.Themasterpieceofhispresshasbeenknownunderseveralnames:

theGutenbergBible;theMazarinBible;andinmodemtimes,asthe42-lineBible,forthenumberoflinesineachprintedcolumn.Fust'sdemand（1455）forrepaymentofsumsadvancedresultedinasettlementinwhichGutenbergabandonedhisclaimstohisinventionandsurrenderedhisstock,includingtypeandtheincompleteworkonthe42-lineBible,toFust,whocontinuedthebusinessandcompletedprintingtheBiblewiththehelpofPeterSchoffer,wholaterbecamehisson-in-law.Althoughtheworkbearsnoplaceofprinting,date,orprinter'sname,itisusuallydatedto1455.Printedinaneditionofabout180copies,itistheearliestextantWesternbookprintedinmovabletype.

ItisthoughtthatGutenbergreestablishedhimselfintheprintingbusinesswiththeaidofConradHumery;worksattributed,notunanimously,tohimincludeaMissalespecialeconstantienseandaCatholicon（1460）.TheElectorofMainz,ArchbishopAdolfofNassau,presentedhimwithabenefice（1465）yieldinganincomeandvariousprivileges.ThereisaGutenbergMuseuminMainz.

（Source:

ColumbiaEncyclopedia:

JohnGutenberg）

2.DeQuincey

DeQuincey,Thomas（dakwin'se）,1785-1859,Englishessayist.In1802heranawayfromschoolandtrampedaboutthecountry,eventuallysettlinginLondon.Hisfamilysoonfoundhimandenteredhim（1803）inWorcesterCollege,Oxford,wherehedevelopedadeepinterestinGermanliteratureandphilosophy.HeleftOxfordin1808withoutcompletinghisdegreeandsettled（1809）atGrasmere,wherehemadetheacquaintanceofWordsworth.By1817theopiumhabit,whichhehadbegunwhileatOxford,hadreacheditsheight.HeachievedliteraryeminencewiththepublicationofhisConfessionsofanEnglishOpium-Eater（1822）,whichfirstappearedintheLondonMagazinein1821.Itisanaccountoftheprogressofhisdrughabit,includingdescriptionsofthebizarreandspectaculardreamshehadwhileundertheinfluenceofopium.Hebecameaprolificcontributortovariousjournals,especiallytoBlackwood's,Edinburgh,after1825.Amonghisbestworks-allwritteninapolished,highlyimaginative,anddiscursiveprose-are"OnMurderConsideredasOneoftheFineArts,""SuspiriadeProfundis,""OntheEnglishMail-Coach,""OntheKnockingattheGateinMacbeth,"andAutobiographicSketches（1853）.

3.DarkAges

Atermdeployedinthe17thand18thcents.toindicatetheintellectualdarknesswhichwasbelievedtohavedescendedonEuropewiththeendingoftheRomanempireuntilnewlightwasprovidedbytheRenaissance.InthefieldofBritishhistoryitissometimesappliedjusttothe5thand6thcents.,whichmanyhistorianswouldprefertodesignateassub-orpost-Roman.

4.Erasmus

DesideriusErasmus

（bornOct.27,1469,Rotterdam,Holland-diedJuly12,1536,Base1,Switz.）Dutchpriestandhumanist,consideredthegreatestEuropeanscholarofthe16thcentury.Theillegitimatesonofapriestandaphysician'sdaughter,heenteredamonasteryandwasordainedapriestin1492.HestudiedattheUniversityofParisandtrave1edthroughoutEurope,comingundertheinfluenceofSt.ThomasMoreandJohnCo1et.ThebookthatfirstmadehimfamouswastheAdagia（1500,1508）,anannotatedcollectionofGreekandLatinproverbs.HebecamenotedforhiseditionsofClassicalauthors,ChurchFathers,andtheNewTestamentaswellasforhisownworks,includingHandbookofaChristianKnight（1503）andPraiseofFolly（1509）.UsingthephilologicalmethodspioneeredbyItalianhumanists,hehelpedlaythegroundworkforthehistorical-criticalstudyofthepast.Bycriticizingecclesiasticalabuses,heencouragedthegrowingurgeforreform,whichfoundexpressionbothintheProtestantReformationandintheCatholicCounter-Reformation.ThoughhesawmuchtoadmireinMartinLuther,hecameunderpressuretoattackhim;hetookanindependentstance,rejectingbothLuther'sdoctrineofpredestinationandthepowersclaimedforthepapacy.

（Source:

BritannicaConciseEncyclopedia:

Erasmus）

5.Montaigne

（1533-92）.MoralistandauthoroftheEssais,composedduringthelast20yearsofhislife,whichhaveleftanindelibleimpressionnotonlyonFrenchbutonEuropeanculture.IntheeyesofmanyofhiscontemporarieshewasastrikingexampleofaNeostoicauthor;tothescepticsandlibertinsofthe17thc.Hewastheirprecursorandinspiration;inthefollowingcentury,Diderotadmiredhimasaphilosopheavantlalettre,andRousseausawinhimthefirstofthegreatconfessionalwriters.Morerecently,Nietzschepraisedhimasadestructiverelativist,andGidesawinhimaproponentofsexualhonestyandliberation.OneofthepeculiarqualitiesofhisEssaisistoreflecttheintimatepreoccupationsoftheirreaders;itisthushardlysurprisingthatforhismostmoderncriticshisworkismarkedbytheaestheticsofthefragmentary;thatitexemplifiesintertextuality（incorporatingasitdoes1,264explicitquotations,aswellascountlessotherallusions）;andthatMontaignehimselfanticipatedreader-responsetheoriesofinterpretation.ThisproteanqualityassurestheEssaistheirstatusasaclassic.

MontaignewasborninGasconyofarecentlyennobledwell-to-dofamily,andgivenasolidhumanisteducationattheCollegedeGuyenne.Hewasdestinedforacareerinthelaw,andafteruniversitystudiesateitherToulouseorParishebecamein1557aminormagistrateattheParlementdeBordeaux,whereLaBoetiewashiscolleagueandfriend.Hesoldhispostin1570inorderto'retireintothebosomofthelearnedVirgins'.Hisfatherhaddiedtwoyearsbefore,leavinghimtheestateofMontaigne,whereheresolvedtodevotetheremainderofhislifetoreading,contemplation,andwritinginthetowerofhischateau,whichhousedhisextensivelibraryandwhos