职称英语卫生类A级补全短文.docx
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职称英语卫生类A级补全短文
第十一篇
Leukemia
Leukemiaisthemostcommontypeofcancerkidsget,butitisstillveryrare.Leukemiainvolvesthebloodandblood-formingorgans,suchasthebonemarrow.___1___D
Akidwithleukemiaproduceslotsofabnormalwhitebloodcellsinthebonemarrow.Usually,whitebloodcellsfightinfection,butthewhitebloodcellsinapersonwithleukemiadon’tworkthewaythey’resupposedto.___2___ETheabnormalwhitebloodcellsmultiplyoutofcontrol1,fillingthebonemarrowandmakingithardforenoughnormal,infection-fightingwhitebloodcellstoform.Otherbloodcells—suchasredbloodcells(thatcarryoxygeninthebloodtothebody’stissues)andplatelets(thatallowbloodtoclot)—arealsocrowdedout2bythewhitebloodcellsofleukemia.Thesecancercellsmayalsomovetootherpartsofthebody,includingthebloodstream,wheretheycontinuetomultiplyandbuildup3.
Althoughleukemiacanmakekidssick,mostofthetimeitistreatable,andkidsgetbetter.Almostallleukemiapatientsaretreatedwithchemotherapy,whichmeansusinganti-cancerdrugs.
___3___AChemotherapyquicklygoestowork,travelingthroughthebloodtothebonemarrow.There,thedrugscanattackthecancercells.Afterseveralweeksofchemotherapy,manykidsbegintofeelbetter.
Somechildrenwithleukemiawillalsohavetohaveradiationtherapy,too.___4___F
Ifthecancerisn’tgettingbetterfromusingtheusualamountsofchemotherapyandradiation,thenkidwithleukemiawillprobablyneedmoretreatment—withhigherdosesofchemotherapyandradiationtofinallykillthecancercells.Butthisheavy-dutytreatmentwillalsoharmthenormalcellsinthekid’sbonemarrowtoo,andthebonemarrowwillnolongerbeabletoproducenormalbloodcells.So,doctorswillthengiveakid—oranyoneelsewithbonemarrowthatisnolongerworking—normalbonemarrowtissuefromsomeoneelsewhoishealthy.___5___C
词汇:
leukemia白血病marrow髓innermost最内的,最深处的
abnormal反常的,变态的infection感染multiply.增加,繁殖
platelet血小板clot(血等)凝结成块bloodstream血流
chemotherapy化学疗法catheter导管insert插入,嵌入
invisible看不见的,无形的cancerous生癌的;患癌症的
heavy-duty.重型的;大剂量的transplant移植
注释:
1.outofcontrol:
失去控制;不受控制
2.arealsocrowdedout:
也被排挤出去
3.buildup:
逐渐积聚;集结
练习:
A.Thechemotherapydrugsaregiventhroughacatheter,anarrowtubethatisinsertedintoabloodvessel,sometimesinthekid’supperchest.
B.Earlysymptomsofleukemiaareoftenoverlooked,sincetheymayresemblesymptomsofthefluorothercommondiseases.
C.Thisisaspecialprocedurecalledabonemarrowtransplant,andithelpsthepatientmakenewbloodcellssotheycanrecoverfromtheleukemia.
D.Bonemarrowistheinnermostpartofsomeboneswherebloodcellsarefirstmade.
E.Theydon’tprotectthepersonfrominfectionsverywell.
F.Radiationtherapyusesinvisiblehigh-energywaves(similartoX-rays)tokillcancerouscells.
答案与题解:
1.D前一句提到,白血病涉及血液和造血器官,如骨髓。
接下来应首选阐释骨髓的句子。
2.E前一句讲,通常情况下,白细胞会对抗感染,但是白血病病人身上的白细胞却发挥不了其应当发挥的作用。
这意味着它们不能很好地保护病人免受感染的侵袭。
3.A前一句涉及化学疗法,即抗癌药物的使用。
接下来应首选表达如何使用化疗药物的句子。
4.F前一句讲到,有些患白血病的孩子也将接受放射治疗。
接下来应选择能够说明放射治疗的句子。
5.C此段的主要意思是,接受大剂量化疗的白血病患者骨髓可能出现问题,不再正常发挥作用。
这时,医生就要把一个正常人的骨髓组织移到他身上。
这一医疗措施的名称及其作用应该是下一句话所表达的内容。
译文:
白血病
白血病是儿童所得癌症中最普遍的一种病症,不过这种病仍然是很少的。
白血病涉及血液和造血器官,如骨髓。
骨髓是一些骨头中最内部的部分,并在那里产生红细胞。
患白血病的孩子会在骨髓中产生大量不正常的白细胞。
通常情况下,白细胞会对抗感染,但白血病人身上的白细胞却发挥不了其应有的作用,它们不能保护人体免受感染。
骨髓中不正常的白细胞的繁殖无法控制,使得骨髓中难以形成足够的正常感染的白细胞。
其他的血细胞,像红白细胞(将血液中的氧气运送到身体其他器官的细胞)、血小板(凝血功能的细胞)也被白血病产生的白细胞排挤出去。
这些癌细胞还可能扩散到身体的其他部位,包括血液,并在那里继续繁殖积聚。
尽管白血病令儿童身受其苦,大大多数情况下还是可以治愈的,孩子们也会好起来的。
几乎所有的白血病患者都要接受化疗,即采用抗癌药物。
化疗药物通过导管进入病体,导管就是插在病人血管中的一根细管,有时插入孩子的胸上部。
化疗能很快起效,抗癌药物通过血液到达骨髓并杀死癌细胞。
警告经过几周的化疗,很多孩子都会感觉好一些。
有些患白血病的儿童还必须采用放射疗法。
放疗采用肉眼看不见的高能光波(类似X光)来杀死癌细胞。
如果使用正常量度的放疗和化疗不能使病情好转的话,那么这个孩子可能需要接受更多的治疗,用更大剂量的放疗和化疗来治疗以最终杀死癌细胞。
但是大剂量的化疗可能有害于白血病患儿骨髓中的正常细胞,使骨髓不能产生正常的血细胞。
因此,医生会把正常人的骨髓组织移植到这个患儿或任何一个骨髓不能正常工作的人身上,这就是名叫骨髓移植的特殊疗法,它能帮助病人产生新的血细胞来战胜白血病而康复。
第十二篇
TheEnemyWithin
Allergyhasbecomemoreandmorecommonoverthelast30years.Nowone-thirdofusareaffectedbyallergyatsomepointinourlivesandhalfofthesesufferersarechildren.IntheUK,threemillionpeoplesufferfromasthma,andfivepercentofchildrensufferfromfoodallergy.
Allergyisareactionthatoccurswhentheimmunesystemhasastrangeandunnecessaryreactiontoasubstancewhichisnormallyharmless,suchaspollenorpeanuts.____1_A___Todefendyourbodyagainstanattacker,theimmunesystemremembersthesedangerousmicro-organismsandattacksthemifitmeetsthemagain.Thisworkisdonebyantibodies.Theimmunesysteminallergysufferersmakesantibodiesagainstharmlesssubstances,becauseitmistakenlybelievesthemtobedangerous.
Anallergicreactionmaynothappenthefirsttimeasufferermeetsanallergen(thesubstancecausingthereaction,suchaspollen,milkorstrawberries).Sometimespeoplecaneatnutsforyearsandthensuddenlybecomeallergictothem.Whathashappenedisthattheimmunesystemhasnowdecidedthesubstanceisdangerousandhasmadeanallergyantibody.Thisantibodythenattachesitselftocells,whichcontainhistamine.____2_E___Astheydothat,thesurfaceofthecellsisbroken,andhistamineisreleased.Thehistamineandotherchemicalsinflamethetissues.Thisleadstothesymptomsofallergy,suchasswelling,rashes,sneezing,soreeyesandbreathlessness.Anaphylaxisisthemostsevereallergicreactionofallandismostoftentriggeredbywasporbeestingsorpeanuts.Thismustbetreatedimmediately.
__C__3__B__Somepeoplearebornwiththeabilitytomakelotsofallergyantibodies,andtheyaremorelikelytodevelopallergiesandallergicdisorderssuchashayfeverandasthma.
____4__D_F_Weeatmoreprocessedfoods,withawiderangeofadditivesandcolourings;moreandmorepeoplehavecentralheatinganddoubleglazing,makingourhouseswarmerandlessdraughty-anidealenvironmenttobreedthehousedustmite.
Theremayalsobealinkbetweenallergiesandantibiotics.Atonetimeourimmunesystemswerekeptbusyfightingoffdiseaseandtryingtowinthebattleforhealth,butantibioticshavereducedtheamountofworkourimmunesystemshavetodo.Nowexpertsthinktheymaydirectspareenergytoharmlesssubstancessuchasstrawberries.____5_E_B__
Agooddealofresearchisbeingdevotedtofindingacureforallergies.Sufferersmaybegivenmedicinetocontrolsymptoms,andtheymayalsobeofferedteststofindoutwhatsubstancestriggeranallergicreactionsothattheycanavoidcontactwiththeseinfuture.
词汇:
allergyn.过敏,过敏症
sufferern.患者,受害者
asthman.哮喘
substancen.物质
pollenn.花粉
micro-organismn.微生物
antibodiesn.antibody的复数形式,意为抗体
allergenn.过敏源
nutn.坚果
histaminen.组织胺,组胺
tissuen.人体组织
symptomn.病症,征兆
rashn.疱疹
sneezingn.打喷嚏
breathlessnessn.呼吸急促,气喘吁吁
anaphylaxisn.全身性过敏反应,过敏反应
waspn.黄蜂
stingn.蟄,咬
hayfevern.枯草热,花粉病
additivesn.添加剂,食品添加剂
curen.治疗,解药
注释:
1.sufferfrom...忍受^的折磨
2.bedevotedtosth....全身心投入于^
练习:
A Theimmunesystemistheretoprotectthebodyagainstoutsideattackers,includingviruses,bacteriaandparasites.
B Inotherwordsourimmunesystemshavebecomeover-sensitive.
C Allergiesruninfamilies.
D Internationaldifferenceshavebeenassociatedwiththenumberofindividualswithinapopulationhaveallergy.
E Whentheantibodiesmeettheallergenthenexttime,theyattempttodestroyit.
F Expertsbelievemorepeoplehavedevelopedallergiesbecauseofchangesinourlifestylewhichhaveexposedustomoreallergens.
答案与题解:
1.A 该是对机体免疫系统功能的介绍,而文中对免疫系统的首次提及是在该选项的上一句话,即描述过敏反应是免疫系统的活动,该选项故而可被视为是对上一句话的补充与说明。
2.E 本题做题线索有两点,首先是上下文,本段前几句都是对抗体的描述与介绍,故与选项E主题相符,同时第二个做题点为逻辑顺序词,本段的第一句话中提到了Anallergicreactionmaynothappenthefirsttimeasufferermeetsanallergen,而该选项中又有了thenexttime,这两个逻辑顺序词也构成了解题线索。
3.C 该选项在文章的第四段,讲的是过敏反应在特殊人群中的反应,选项C的意思为“过敏反应是具有遗传性的”,与该段后一句somepeoplearebornwiththeability...相对应。
4.F 文章第五段主要讲的是能导致过敏反应的两个例子,缺少中心句,而选项C恰好能对这两个例子进行概括说明,故答案为选项C。
5.B 该选项为概括总结项,是对前文说的内容进行总结,该段的前面部分提及的是抗生素与过敏反应之间的关系,即其对于人体免疫系统的影响,而该选项则是一个结果性的描述,即免疫系统变得过于敏感了,其可对前文中抗生素的作用进行总结说明。
第十三篇
WhatIsInsulin-dependentDiabetes?
Whenyoueat,yourbodytakesthesugarfromfoodandturnsitintofuel.____1__B__
Yourbodyusesglucoseforenergy,soitcandoeverythingfrombreathingairtoplayingavideogame.Butglucosecan’tbeusedbythebodyonitsown2—itneedsahormonecalledinsulintobringitintothecellsofthebody.
Mostpeoplegettheinsulintheyneedfromthepancreas,alargeorgannearthestomach.Thepancreasmakesinsulin;insulinbringsglucoseintothecells;andthebodygetstheenergyitneeds.Whenapersonhasinsulin-dependentdiabetes,it’sbecausethepancreasisnotmakinginsulin.Sosomeonecouldbeeatinglotsoffoodandgettingalltheglucoseheneeds,butwithoutinsulin,thereisnowayforthebodytousetheglucoseforenergy.____2__E__
Youmayhaveheardolderpeopletalkabouthavingdiabetes,maybepeopleofyourgrandparents’age.Usually,thisisadifferentkindofdiabetescallednon-insulin-dependentdiabetes3.ItcanalsobecalledType2diabetes,oradult-onsetdiabetes4.
____3__F__
Whenakidisdiagnosedwithjuvenile(insulin-dependent)diabetes5,hewillhavethattypeofdiabetesforhiswholelife.Itwon’teverchangetonon-insulin-dependentdiabeteswhenhegetsolder.
Scientistsnowthinkthatapersonwhohasjuvenilediabeteswasbornwithacertaingeneorgenesthatmadethepersonmorelikelytogettheillness.____4__A__
Manyscientistsbelievethatalongwithhavingcertaingenes,somethingelseoutsidetheperson’sbody,likeaviralinfection,isnecessarytosetthediabetesinmotionbyaffectingthecellsinthe