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吉林省职称外语考试理工类模拟试题2
2009年吉林省职称外语考试理工类模拟试题2
24、
第三篇
DNAfingerprinting
DNAisthegeneticmaterialfoundwithinthecellnucleiofalllivingthings.InmammalsthestandsofDNAaregroupedintostructurescalledchromosomes.Withtheexceptionofidenticalsiblings（asinidenticaltwins）,thecompleteDNAofeachindividualisunique.
DNAfingerprintingissometimescalledDNAtyping.ItisamethodofidentificationthatcomparesbitsofDNA.ADNAfingerprintisconstructedbyfirstdrawingoutaDNAsamplefrombodytissueorfluidsuchashair,blood,orsaliva.Thesampleisthensegmentedusingenzymes,andthesegmentsarearrangedbysize.ThesegmentsaremarkedwithprobesandexposedonX-rayfilm,wheretheyformapatternofblackbars---theDNAfingerprint.IftheDNAfingerprintsproducedfromtwodifferentsamplesmatch,thetwosamplesprobablycamefromthesameperson.
DNAfingerprintingwasfirstdevelopedasanidentificationtechniquein1985.Originallyusedtodetectthepresenceofgeneticdiseases,itsooncametobeusedincriminalinvestigationsandlegalaffairs.ThefirstcriminalconvictionbaseonDNAevidenceintheUnitedStatesoccurredin1998.Incriminalinvestigations,DNAfingerprintsderivedfromevidencecollectedatthecrimescenearecomparedtotheDNAfingerprintsofsuspects.Generally,courtshaveacceptedthereliabilityofDNAtestingandadmittedDNAtestresultsintoevidence.However,DNAfingerprintingiscontroversialinanumberofareas:
theaccuracyoftheresults,thecostoftesting,andthepossiblemisuseofthetechnique.
TheaccuracyofDNAfingerprintinghasbeenchallengedforseveralreasons.First,becauseDNAsegmentsratherthancompleteDNAstrandsare“fingerprinted”;aDNAfingerprintmaynotbeunique;large-scaleresearchtoconfirmtheuniquenessofDNAfingerprintingtestresultshasnotbeenconducted.Inaddition,DNAfingerprintingisoftendoneinprivatelaboratoriesthatmaynotfollowuniformtestingstandardsandqualitycontrols.Also,sincehumanbeingsmustinterpretthetest,humanerrorcouldleadtofalseresults.
DNAfingerprintingisexpensive.SuspectswhoareunabletoprovidetheirownDNAtoexpertsmaynotbeabletosuccessfullydefendthemselvesagainstchargesbasedonDNAevidence.
WidespreaduseofDNAtestingforidentificationpurposesmayleadtotheestablishmentofaDNAfingerprintdatabase.
练习
1.Accordingtotheessay,wecanfindchromosomes
A.inafish.
B.inatree.
C.inasheep.
D.inarock.
2.DNAfingerprintingismoreoftenusedfor
A.obtainingsamplesofchromosomes.
B.providingevidenceincourtinvestigations.
C.provingthehorsetobeamammal.
D.printingbooksaboutbiology.
3.Whenyourbrotherlooksexactlylikeyou,yourcompleteDNAmaybe
A.exactlylikehis.
B.totallydifferentfromhis.
C.unique.
D.lost.
标准答案：
C,B,A
27、
第6部分：
完型填空（每题1分，共15分）
阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，并涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
WhatIsAnthrax?
There’sbeenalotoftalkaboutanthraxonthenewslately.Somepeopleareworriedthatanthraxmaybeconnectedtoterroristattacksorthatterroristsmayspreadthegermthat__1__thedisease.Federalofficialsandpoliceareinvestigatingthisandtakingmeasurestoprotectus.
Inthemeantime,it’simportantnottopanicoveranthrax.Thechancesthatyouandyourfamily__2__atriskareverytiny.Oneofthewaysyoucanfeelbetteristolearnaboutanthrax.Whenyouknowwhatitisand__3__youcangetit,itdoesn’tseemquiteasscary.
So,what__4__isanthrax?
Herearethefactsonanthrax:
Anthraxisabacterialinfectioncausedbyagerm.Althoughit’smostcommoninfarm__5__,likesheep,cows,pigs,horses,andgoats,there’saverysmallchancethatpeoplecangetit,too.
Anthraxspores（aversionofthegerminaprotectiveshellthatcanliveinthesoilforyears）causethedisease.
Peoplemaygetanthraxiftheyareexposedtoanthrax__6__.Buthere’stheimportantpart:
justbeingexposedtothesesporesdoesn’tmeanthatapersonwillget__7__.
Forpeopletogetsick,theywouldhavetobreatheinthousandsofthesesporesallthewayintotheir__8__.Orthey’dhavetoeatmeatcontaminatedwithanthraxorhandle__9__thathasanthraxspores.Thismaysoundscary,butevenwhenpeoplecome__10__contactwiththespores,it’sunlikelythatthey’llgetsick.__11__thebacteriadonotgetintotheskin,digestivetract,orlung,thediseasewon’tdevelop.
Anthraxisnotspreadfrompersonpersontopersontheywaytheflucanspreadfromfamilymemberto__12__memberorclassmatetoclassmate.
Anthraxisveryrare.Untilrecently,anthraxwasn’teventalkedaboutbecauseitwassorare–anditstill__13__!
Evenwithalloftheanthraxcasesyouarehearingaboutrightnow（andmanyofthesesuspectedcaseswillturnoutnottobeanthrax）,aperson’schancesofgettinganthraxareaboutthe__14__astheywerebeforeyouheardaboutanthraxonthenews–very,verylow.
Ifyoustillfeelscaredwhenyouhearaboutanthrax,rememberthatit’sextremelyunlikelythatyouoryourfamilyoranyoneyouknowwilleverbe__15__toanthraxspores.
练习：
1.A）raises
B）causes
C）brings
D）lifts
2.A）are
B）look
C）pose
D）turn
3.A）that
B）what
C）how
D）whom
4.A）namely
B）frankly
C）actually
D）exactly
5.A）places
B）animals
C）households
D）insects
标准答案：
B,A,C,D,B
28、
6.A）germs
B）infections
C）risks
D）spores
7.A）sick
B）frightened
C）hit
D）worse
8.A）stomach
B）lung
C）mouth
D）skin
9.A）something
B）anything
一、单选题
（词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）。
下面共有l5个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。
）
1、
Sallylikestoteaseherbrotherabouthisgirlfriends.
A）charm
B）laughat
C）criticize
D）respect
标准答案：
b
2、
America’semphasisontheimportanceofeducationforeveryonehasspurredscientificresearch.
A）encouraged
B）endangered
C）endorsed
D）enlarged
标准答案：
a
3、
Youhavetofollowtheguidewhosesoleinterestistocoverallspotsaccordingtohisstrictschedule.
A）obvious
B）simple
C）only
D）assumed
标准答案：
c
4、
In1861itseemedinevitablethattheSouthernstateswouldbreakawayfromtheUnion.
A）strange
B）certain
C）inconsistent
D）proper
标准答案：
b
5、
Techniquestoharnesstheenergyofthesunarebeingdeveloped.
A）convert
B）store
C）utilize
D）receive
标准答案：
c
6、
Firsteditionsofcertainpopularbookscannotbeobtainedforloveormoney.
A）atanyplace
B）atanyprice
C）inanylanguage
D）inanycountry
标准答案：
b
7、
Inabullfight,itisthemovement,notthecolor,ofobjectsthatarousesthebull.
A）confuses
B）excites
C）scares
D）diverts
标准答案：
b
8、
Sulfurhasoccasionallybeenfoundintheearthinanalmostpurestate.
A）regularly
B）accidentally
C）sometimes
D）successfully
标准答案：
c
9、
Manyfinecooksinsistoningredients（成分）ofthehighestquality.
A）demand
B）relyon
C）preparefor
D）create
标准答案：
a
10、
Thecompanyrecommendedthatanewpetrolstation（should）bebuilthere.
A）ordered
B）insisted
C）suggested
D）demanded
标准答案：
c
11、
Ithardfortheyoungpeopletoimaginewhatsevereconditionstheirparentsoncelivedunder.
A）sincere
B）hard
C）strict
D）tight
标准答案：
b
12、
Theyagreedtosettlethedisputebypeacefulmeans.
A）solve
B）determine
C）untie
D）complete
标准答案：
a
13、
Thepolicecontendedthatthedifficultiestheyfacedweretoosevere.
A）argued
B）predicted
C）said
D）suggested
标准答案：
a
14、
Heexpressedconcernthattheshipmightbeindistress.
A）despair
B）difficulty
C）need
D）danger
标准答案：
d
15、
Themostpressingproblemanyeconomicsystemfacesishowtouseitsscarceresources.
A）puzzling
B）difficult
C）terrifying
D）urgent
标准答案：
d
二、匹配题
（）
16、
PrivacyworrymaykeepHIVpatientsfromtherapy
PatientsinfectedwithHIVareoftenconcernedabouttheconfidentialityoftheirHIV-positivestatus.Infact,somepatientsaresoworriedthattheywillactuallygiveuptreatmenttopreventthereleaseofthisinformation,accordingtoareportpublishedintheAugustissueofAIDSCare.
Dr.KathrynWhetten-GoldsteinandcolleaguesfromDukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina,studiedtheconfidentialityissuesof15HIV–infectedpatientsfromruralNorthCarolinalocations.Theyweredividedintogroupsdesignedtoexploretheirattitudestoward,andexperienceswith,breachesinconfidentiality.
“ThefearofabreachinconfidentialityisdefinitelyaffectingthecarethatHIV-infectedpatientsreceive,”Whetten-Goldsteinsaid.“Moststudiedpatientshadexperiencedorknewsomeonewhohadexperiencedabreachinconfidentiality.”
“Twotypesofbreachesoccurred,”Whetten-Goldsteinnoted.”Thefirstwasamoreobvioustypeofbreach.OneexamplewasanursewhotoldherchildthatherpatientwasHIV-positiveoutofconcernthatherchildwouldplaywiththepatient’schild.”
“Theothertypeofbreachwasmoresubtle,onethatprovidersmightnotconsiderbreaches,”Whetten-Goldsteinexplained.“Thistypeofbreachinvolvesproviderstalkingaboutapatient’sHIVstatuswithoutthepatient’sknowledgeoftheinteraction.”
“Thelawallowsthesharingofinformationbetweenproviderswithinthesameinstitution,butpatient’sconsentmustbeobtainedbeforeprovidersatdifferentinstitutionscanshareinformation,”shepointedout.
“Patientsinthestudywantedproviderstotellthemwhentheyaregoingtoshareinformationwithother
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