英语语言学概论(II)Chapter6期末&考研复习题.doc

英语语言学概论(II)Chapter6期末&考研复习题.doc

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12级语言学概论（II）Chapter6---2014-2015学年下学期期末考试&考研复习题

I.Brieflyexplainthefollowingterms.（20%）

1.languageacquisition

2.cognition

3.psycholinguistics

4.theInnatenessHypothesis

5.cognitivelinguistics

6.construalandconstrualoperations

7.categorization

8.metaphor

9.metonymy

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithoneproperword.

1.Fromtheperspectiveofcognitivelinguistics,thesentenceHeisamachineincludesa___________.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Makethechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.（10%）

1.Howdoesthetop-downapproachdifferfromthebottom-upapproachinlanguageprocessing?

A）Bottom-upprocessingismoreeffectivethantop-downprocessinginspeechsynthesis.

B）Bottom-upprocessingutilizesallinformationonehasinspeechperception.

C）Top-downprocessingusesone’sexistingknowledgeandtheincomingspeechsignal.

D）Top-downprocessingismoreefficientthanbottom-upprocessinginspeechcomprehension.

2.______________isdefinesasconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofasecondlanguageusuallyobtainedinschoolsettings.

A）Competence

B）Performance

C）Learning

D）Acquisition

3.Duringlanguageacquisition,childrengothroughseveralstages,duringwhichstagetheybegintohavesensitivitytothephoneticdistinctionsusedintheirparent’slanguage.

A）Holophrasticstage

B）Twowordstage

C）Threewordstage

D）Fluentgrammaticalconversationstage

4._________isthestudyofpsychologicalaspectoflanguage.

A）Languageacquisition

B）appliedlinguistics

C）psycholinguistics

D）pragmatics

5.__________doesnotbelongtoConstrualOperations.

A）Attention/Salience

B）Judgment/Comparison

C）Metaphor/Metonymy

D）Perspective/Situatedness

6.Whichofthefollowingincludeametonymy?

A）Bythishourthevolcanicfiresofhisnaturehadburntdown.

B）Thekettleboils.

C）Hehasaheartofstone.

D）Theyhaveafleetoffiftysails.

4.________isthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguage;itusuallystudiesthepsychologicalstatesandmentalactivityassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.

A）Psycholinguistics

B）Sociolinguistics

C）Historicallinguistics

D）Generallinguistics

7.Whichofthefollowingisforegrounded?

A）The1960dreamofhighriselivingsoonturnedintoanightmare.

B）Thespeechwasmade29October1941totheboysatChurchill’soldpublicschool.

C）Neverinthefieldofhumanconflictwassomuchowedbysomanytosofew.

D）Tomdidn’tleaveforBeijingyesterday.

8.Whichofthefollowingincludeametonymy?

A）Bythishourthevolcanicfiresofhisnaturehadburntdown.

B）Landsbelongtothecrown.

C）Hehasaheartofstone.

D）Theyhaveafleetoffiftysails.

IV.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.（10%）

1.Metonymyinvolvesusingthefamiliartostandfortheunfamiliar.

2.Theutterancemeaningofthesentencevarieswiththecontextinwhichitisuttered.

3.Languageacquisitionreferstotheprocessinvolvedincreatingandexpressingmeaningthroughlanguage.

4.Structuralmetaphormeansthathumanexperienceswithphysicalobjectsprovidethebasisforwaysofviewingevents,activities,emotions,ideas,etc.,asentitiesandsubstances.

5.Superordinatecategoriesarethemostgeneralones.Themembersofasuperordinatecategorydonothaveenoughfeaturesincommontoconjureupacommongestaltatthislevel.

6.Cognitivelinguisticsistodayrepresentedbythreemainapproaches:

theexperientialview,theprominenceviewandtheattentionalviewoflanguage.

V.Shortanswerquestions.

1.Whatisthecognitiveinterpretationofimageschema?

2.Whatisblendingtheory?

VI.Shortessaywriting

1.Describethethreecategoriesofconceptualmetaphors.

2.Describethefactorsinfluencingsentencecomprehension.

Keys:

I.Brieflyexplainthefollowingterms.（20%）

1.Languageacquisitionreferstothegradualdevelopmentofabilityinalanguagebyusingitnaturallyincommunicativesituations.TheLearningofanativeorfirstlanguagereferstofirstlanguageacquisition（FLA）,andthelearningofasecondorforeignlanguageiscalledsecondlanguageacquisition（SLA）.

（Languageacquisitionisoneofthecentraltopicsinpsycholinguistics.Acquiringafirstlanguageissomethingeverychilddoessuccessfully,inamatteroffewyearsandwithouttheneedforformallessons.Fourphasesareidentifiedandacknowledgedintheprocessoflanguageacquisition:

holophrasticstage,two-wordstage,three-wordutterances,and,fluentgrammaticalconversationstage.）

2.Cognition---Page115

nMentalprocesses,informationprocessing

nMentalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingawareness,perception,reasoning,andjudgment.

3.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguage;itusuallystudiesthepsychologicalstatesandmentalactivityassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.Animportantfocusofpsycholinguisticsisthelargelyunconscioususeofgrammaticalrulesthatenablepeopletoproduceandcomprehendintelligiblesentences.Psycholinguisticsinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought.Itisalsoconcernedwithhowlanguagearelearned,andtheroletheyplayinourthinking.---Page117

4.TheInnatenessHypothesiswasproposedbyChomsky.Itsaysthattheabilitytoacquireahumanlanguageispartofthebiologicallyinnateequipmentofthehumanbeing,andthataninfantisbornwiththisknowledgeofbasicgrammaticalrelationsandcategories,andthisknowledgeisuniversal.

5.Cognitivelinguistics---anapproachtolanguagethatisbasedonourexperienceoftheworldandthewayweperceiveandconceptualizeit.

6.Construalistheabilitytoconceiveandportraythesamesituationindifferentwaysthrough……Construaloperationsareconceptualizingprocessesusedin……---Page130

7.Categorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Categorizationisamajoringredientinthecreationofhumanknowledge,anditallowsustorelatepresentexperiencestopastones.Therearethreelevelsincategories:

thebasiclevel,thesuperordinatelevel,andthesubordinatelevel.

8.Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.It’softendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.Thetargetdomainistheexperiencebeingdescribedbythemetaphorandthesourcedomainisthemeansthatweuseinordertodescribetheexperience.

9.Metonymyisacognitiveprocessinwhichoneconceptualentity,thevehicle,providesmentalaccesstoanotherconceptualentity,thetarget,withinthesamedomain.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven.（10%）

1.metaphor

2.

3.

4.

5.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Makethechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.（10%）

1---5BCAAC

IV.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse.

1---5TTFFT

6.T

V.Shortanswerquestions.

1.MarkJohnsondefinesanimageschemaasarecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperience.Imageschematicstructureshavetwocharacteristics:

theyarepre-conceptualschematicstructuresemergingfromourbodilyexperienceandtheyareconstantlyoperatinginourperceptualinteraction.Itexistsatalevelofabstraction,operatesatalevelofmentalorganizationbetweenpropositionalstructuresandconcreteimage,anditcanbesubdividedintothefollowingitems:

acenter-peripheryschema,acontainmentschema,acycleschema,aforceschema,alinkschema,apart-wholeschema,apathschema,ascaleschemaandaverticalschema.

2.BlendingTheoryisalsoknownastheintegrationtheory,proposedbyGillesFauconnier（福科尼尔）&MarkTurner（1994,1995）.Itisacognitiveoperationwherebyelementsoftwoormore“mentalspaces”（心理空间）areintegratedviaprojectionintoanew,blendedspace”（合成空间）whichhasitsuniquestructure.

Blendingoperatesontwoinputmentalspaces（输入空间）toproduceathirdspace,theblend.Theblendinheritspartialstructurefromtheinputspacesandhasemergentstructure（层创结构）ofitsown.TherearesomeconditionsneededwhentwoinputspacesI1andI2areblended:

cross-spacemapping,genericspace,blendandemergentstructure.Theblendingtheorysuggestsanewwaytothinkingaboutwhatconstitutesanovelinference.Becausethemappingoperationinvolvesintegratedframesratherthanisolatedpredicates,thechoiceofneparticularframingoveranothernecessarilyresultsinadifferentsetofattendantinferences.

VIShortessaywriting

1.ConceptualMetaphorTheory（---Page136-137）

2.Structuralfactorsincomprehension:

……

Lexicalfactorsincomprehension:

……（Page125-126）

5