研究生科技英语阅读答案.docx

研究生科技英语阅读答案.docx

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研究生科技英语阅读答案

Unit1

GeneticallyModifiedFoods—FeedtheWorld?

I.ComprehensionandAppreciation

1.Whatistheauthor’soverallpositiononthisissue?

Ishefororagainstgeneticallymodifiedfoods?

HeisonthesideofGMfoods,andhethinksthatfearsthatgeneticallymodified,pest-resistantcropsmightkillgoodinsectsaswellasbadappearunfounded.

2.DoyouknowGMfoodsarealreadypartofourlives?

WhatkindofGMfoodshaveyouhad?

Howdoestheauthorsupportthefactthatthegeneticisoutofthebottle?

Haveyougotanyclueofallusionandparodyusedintheexpression“thegeneticisoutofthebottle”?

TheauthorusesthefactthatathirdofthecornandmorethanhalfthesoybeansandcottongrownintheUSlastyearweretheproductofbiotechnologyandmorethan65millionacresofgeneticallymodifiedcropswillbeplantedintheUSthisyeartoshowthegeneticisoutofthebottle.

ItisfromeGenieinaBottle,thefirsthitsingleandsignaturesongfromChristinaAguilera’sdebutalbum.

3.TheentryofGMfoodsintothefoodchainraisesthedebateaboutbiotechinmanycountries,whatisthegeneralattitudeofwealthycountriestowardthisissue?

Whataboutthedevelopingcountriesonthisissue?

Inwealthycountries,thedebateaboutbiotechistemperedbythefactthatwehavearicharrayoffoodstochoosefrom--andasupplythatfarexceedsourneeds.Indevelopingcountriesdesperatetofeedfast-growingandunderfedpopulations;theissueissimplerandmuchmoreurgent:

Dothebenefitsofbiotechoutweightherisks?

4.Whataretheeffectsofthefactthatnearly800millionpeoplearoundtheworldareundernourished?

Theeffectsaredevastating.About400millionwomenofchildbearingageareirondeficient,whichmeanstheirbabiesareexposedtovariousbirthdefects.Asmanyas100millionchildrensufferfromvitaminAdeficiency,aleadingcauseofblindness.Tensofmillionsofpeoplesufferfromothermajorailmentsandnutritionaldeficienciescausedbylackoffood.

5.HowcanbiotechhelptocurethechildrenwithvitaminAdeficiency?

Biotechnologistshavedevelopedgeneticallymodifiedricethatisfortifiedwithbeta-carotene--whichthebodyconvertsintovitaminA--andadditionaliron.

6.HowdoyouliketheGM,pest-resistantcrops?

HowdoestheauthorsupporttheideathatfearsthatGM,pest-resistantcropsmightkillgoodinsectsaswellasbadappeargroundless?

TheGM,pest-resistantcropscanimprovefarmingproductivityinplaceswherefoodshortagesarecausedbycropdamageattributiontopests,drought,poorsoilandcropviruses,bacteriaorfungi.Theyarequiteamazingandseeminglyamircle.

Theauthoruses2examplestosupporthisideathatfearsthatGM,pest-resistantcropsmightkillgoodinsectsaswellasbadappeargroundless:

（1）.TheEuropeancornborer,forexample,destroys40milliontonsoftheworld'scorncropannually,about7%ofthetotal.Incorporatingpest-resistantgenesintoseedscanhelprestorethebalance.

（2）.Intrialsofpest-resistantcottoninAfrica,yieldshaveincreasedsignificantly.

7.Howdoesbiotechhelptosolvetheproblemofcropfailuresduetoviruses,droughtsandsoilswithexcessaluminum?

Byincorporatingvarietiesofgenesintotheseeds,biotechcanhelptocreatevirus-resistantcrops,whichcanreducethatdamage,ascandrought-tolerantseedsinregionswherewatershortageslimittheamountoflandundercultivation.Biotechcanalsohelpsolvetheproblemofsoilthatcontainsexcessaluminum,whichcandamagerootsandcausemanystaple-cropfailures.Agenethathelpsneutralizealuminumtoxicityinricehasbeenidentified.

8.Isbiotechtheonlychancefordevelopingcountriestoovercomehunger?

Biotechisfarfrombeingthewholeanswer.Indevelopingcountries,lostcropsareonlyonecauseofhunger.Povertyplaysthelargestrole.

9.Whatproblemsisbiotechconfrontedwith?

Aretheresomecompaniesrespondingtotheneedsofpoorcountries?

Howdidtheyhelpthepoorcountries?

Biotechhasitsown"distribution"problems.Private-sectorbiotechcompaniesintherichcountriescarryoutmuchoftheleading-edgeresearchongeneticallymodifiedcrops.Theirproductsareoftentoocostlyforpoorfarmersinthedevelopingworld,andmanyofthoseproductswon'tevenreachtheregionswheretheyaremostneeded.Toourgreatjoyandease,therearesomeofthesecompaniesrespondingtoneedsofpoorcountries.ALondon-basedcompany,forexample,hasannouncedthatitwillsharewithdevelopingcountriestechnologyneededtoproducevitamin-enriched"goldenrice".

10.IfGMfoodsfailtotransformagricultureinmanydevelopingcountries,whatisthedauntingquestiontheauthorvisualizesforthedevelopingcountries?

Whyisitdaunting?

Biotechisnotapanacea,butitdoespromisetotransformagricultureinmanydevelopingcountries.Ifthatpromiseisnotfulfilled,therealloserswillbetheirpeople,whocouldsufferforyearstocome.

II.Vocabulary

1.alternative2.modification3.devastating4.rigorous5.collaborate

6.recoup7.incentive8.restriction9.subjectedto10.arrayof

11.attribute…to12.beingexposed…to13.incorporate…into14.fortifiedwith15.suffersfrom

III.Translation

（1）vocalgreenlobbies主张环保的游说集团

arableland耕地面积

vitaminAdeficiency缺乏维生素A

nutritionallyimprovedcrops增进营养成分的农作物

restorethebalance避免这一损失

staplecrops主要粮食作物

neutralizealuminumtoxicity中和铝的毒性

overallcropproductivity农业总产量

transportinfrastructures运输基础设施

targetrichmarkets把富裕国家的市场作为目标

（2）转基因食品来源于转基因生物体。

转基因生物体自身发生了特定变化，基因工程技术使得其DNA发生这种变化成为可能。

这些技术比突变（突变育种）精确的多，因为突变只使某个生物体暴露于辐射或化学物质从而创造一种非特异性而稳定的变化。

人类改变食物机体的其他技术还包括选择性育种（植物育种和养殖动物），和体细胞无性系变异。

转基因食品于90年代初首次推出市场。

通常情况下，转基因食品为转基因植物产品：

大豆，玉米，油菜，棉花子油。

但动物产品也已得到开发。

2006年研究人员通过一种名为线虫的基因，在一头猪身上有争议的研发出ω-3脂肪酸。

研究人员还开发了一种转基因品种的猪，它能够更高效地吸收植物磷，因此其粪便的磷含量也减少高达60%。

批评家反对转基因食品的若干理由，包括理论或想象的安全问题，生态问题，经济问题，上述问题的提出是由于转基因生物体受知识产权法支配。

2.TranslatethefollowingChineseintoEnglish.

（1）挑起争论tosparkadebate

转基因食品geneticallymodifiedfoods

解决问题toresolveissues

食物链thefoodchain

供大于求Thesupplyexceedstheneeds

世界人均耕地theworld'scultivablelandperperson

大幅度提高toincreasesignificantly

罪魁祸首toplaythelargestrole

从整体上看takenasawhole

尖端研究theleading-edgeresearch

（2）Findingitdifficulttoadapttotheclimatethere

（3）tohavenoaccesstothehealthservice

（4）animportantroleinprosperinganddeveloping

（5）adepressioninyieldandareductioninquality

（6）couldhavemadeagoodsalary

（7）Wecannotestimatethevalueofmodernscienceandtechnologytoomuch.

（8）Theinsurancecompanywillrecoupthefarmersforthelosscausedbytheflood.

（9）DuringtheSARSoutbreak,thelackofhygieneinpoorcountrieshaddevastatingconsequencestoallpeopleoftheworld.

（10）ThisUniversityLibraryisoneofthelargestLibrariesinChina,withastackofover2.3millionvolumes.ItsupportstheUniversity’sresearchandteachingacrossafullrangeofsubjects,andprovidesinformationabouttheLibrary’scollectionsandservicesineachsubjectarea.

（11）Therecessionhashitmiddle-incomeandpoorfamilieshardest,wideningtheeconomicgapbetweentherichestandpoorestAmericansasjoblayoffsravagedhouseholdbudgets.

（12）China'sgovernmentdeclaredtwostrainsofgeneticallymodifiedricesafetoproduceandconsume,takingamajorsteptowardendorsingtheuseofbiotechnologyinthestaplefoodcropofbillionsofpeopleinAsia.Chinaistheworld'stopproducerandconsumerofrice,soitsuseofmodifiedvarietieshasthepotentialtoalterthegrain'sglobalsupplypatterns.China'sofficialshavebeenlessconstrainedbypublicpressureoverthesometimes-controversialuseofbiotechnologyinfoodthanofficialsinothercountries.Thegovernmenthaslongsupportedresearchintoagriculturalbiotechnologyaspartofadrivetoensurethenationremainsself-sufficientinstaplecrops.

IV.Cloze

1.species2.predictable3.unrelated4.different5.into

6.produce7.seeing8.also9.obvious10.inserted

11.nobody12.approved13.apparently14.humans15.risks

Unit2

TheBiologyofSkinColor:

BlackandWhite

I.comprehensionandAppreciation

1.Howdoyoulikethistitle“TheBiologyofSkinColor:

BlackandWhite”?

Itisagreatone.Ononehand,thephrase-BlackandWhiteislikelytoremindusreadersoftheallegedwhitesuperiorityovertheBlacksandracialdiscriminationagainstthembyassociationestablishedwiththewell-knownsong“BlackandWhite”sungbyMichaelJakson.Ontheotherhand,theword-biologyprovidesthefollow-updiscussionascientificgroundandthereforemaychangethewaypeoplethinkaboutskincolor.

2.WhydidanthropologistNinaJablonskifeeldismayedwhenshewentthroughtheliteratureonhumanskin?

Shefeltdismayedbecauseshefoundsometheoriesonhumanskinadvancedbeforethe1970stendedtoberacist,andotherswerelessthanconvincing.Afterthe1970s,whenresearcherswerepresumablymoreawareofthecontroversysuchstudiescouldkickup,therewasverylittleworkatall.

3.Jablonskiandherhusbandhaveformulatedthefirstcomprehensivetheoryofskincolor,andwhatdidtheirnewfindingsonskincolorshow?

Theirfindings,publishedinarecentissueoftheJournalofHumanEvolution,showastrong,somewhatpredictablecorrelationbetweenskincolorandthestrengthofsunlightacrosstheglobe.Buttheyalsoshowadeeper,moresurprisingprocessatwork:

Skincolor,theysay,islargelyamatterofvitamins.

4.Whydidourancestorshavetodevelopabettercoolingsystem?

Andwhatwastheanswer?

Onceonthesavanna,theearlyhumansnotonlyhadtocopewithmoreexposuretothesun,buttheyalsohadtoworkhardertogather