六级阅读技巧1.docx
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六级阅读技巧1
2007.06
PassageOne
Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Youheartherefrainallthetime:
theU.S.economylooksgoodstatistically,butitdoesn’tfeelgood.Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?
Itisaquestionthatdatesatleasttotheappearancein1958ofTheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith,whodiedrecentlyat97.
TheAffluentSocietyisamodernclassicbecauseithelpeddefineanewmomentinthehumancondition.Formostofhistory,“hunger,sickness,andcold”threatenednearlyeveryone,Galbraithwrote.“Povertywasfoundeverywhereinthatworld.Obviouslyitisnotofours.”AfterWorldWarII,thedreadofanotherGreatDepressiongavewaytoaneconomicboom.Inthe1930sunemploymenthadaveraged18.2percent;inthe1950sitwas4.5percent.
ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.Throughadvertising,companiesconditionedconsumerstobuythingstheydidn’treallywantorneed.Becausesomuchspendingwasartificial,itwouldbeunfulfilling.Meanwhile,governmentspendingthatwouldmakeeveryonebetteroffwasbeingcutdownbecausepeopleinstinctively—andwrongly—labeledgovernmentonlyas“anecessaryevil.”
It’softensaidthatonlythericharegettingahead;everyoneelseisstandingstillorfallingbehind.Well,therearemanyundeservingrich—overpaidchiefexecutives,forinstance.Butoveranymeaningfulperiod,mostpeople’sincomesareincreasing.From1995to2004,inflation-adjustedaveragefamilyincomerose14.3percent,to$43,200.Peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants—forbiggerhomes,morehealthcare,moreeducation,fasterInternetconnections.
Theothergreatfrustrationisthatithasnoteliminatedinsecurity.Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsitinhisbookbythesamename.
Becausesomuchprevioussufferingandsocialconflictstemmedfrompoverty,thearrivalofwidespreadaffluencesuggestedutopian(乌托邦式的)possibilities.Uptoapoint,affluencesucceeds.Thereismuchlesphysicalmiserythanbefore.Peoplearebetteroff.Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.
Advancedsocietiesneedeconomicgrowthtosatisfythemultiplyingwantsoftheircitizens.Butthequestforgrowthletsloosenewanxietiesandeconomicconflictsthatdisturbthesocialorder.Affluenceliberatestheindividual,promisingthateveryonecanchooseauniquewaytoself-fulfillment.Butthepromiseissoextravagantthatitpredestinesmanydisappointmentsandsometimesinspireschoicesthathaveanti-socialconsequences,includingfamilybreakdownandobesity(肥胖症).Statisticalindicatorsofhappinesshavenotrisenwithincomes.
Shouldwebesurprised?
Notreally.We’vesimplyreaffirmedanoldtruth:
thepursuitofaffluencedoesnotalwaysendwithhappiness.
52.WhatquestiondoesJohnKennethGalbraithraiseinhisbookTheAffluentSociety?
A)Whystatisticsdon’ttellthetruthabouttheeconomy.
B)Whyaffluencedoesn’tguaranteehappiness.
C)Howhappinesscanbepromotedtoday.
D)Whatliesbehindaneconomicboom.
53.AccordingtoGalbraith,peoplefeeldiscontentedbecause________.
A)publicspendinghasn’tbeencutdownasexpected
B)thegovernmenthasprovedtobeanecessaryevil
C)theyareinfearofanotherGreatDepression
D)materialismhasrunwildinmodernsociety
54.Whydopeoplefeelsqueezedwhentheiraverageincomerisesconsiderably?
A)Theirmaterialpursuitshavegonefaraheadoftheirearnings.
B)Theirpurchasingpowerhasdroppedmarkedlywithinflation.
C)Thedistributionofwealthisunevenbetweenther5ichandthepoor.
D)Healthcareandeducationalcosthavesomehowgoneoutofcontrol.
55.WhatdoesLouisUchitellemeanby“thedisposableAmerican”(Line3,Para.5)?
A)Thosewhoseejobstabilityaspartoftheirlivingstandard.
B)Peoplefullofutopianideasresultingfromaffluence.
C)PeoplewhohavelittlesayinAmericanpolitics.
D)Workerswhonolongerhavesecurejobs.
56.WhathasaffluencebroughttoAmericansociety?
A)Renewedeconomicsecurity.
B)Asenseofself-fulfillment.
C)Newconflictsandcomplaints.
D)Miseryandanti-socialbehavior.
Passage1
概要:
本文在引用Galbraith观点的基础上,探讨了现代社会在物质生活丰富的情况下,人们的幸福程度却下降了的原因。
答案及解析
52.B.细节题。
根据关键词JohnKennethGalbraith和TheAffluentSociety定位到文章首段。
Whydoesn’tever-greaterwealthpromoteever-greaterhappiness?
…Itisaquestionthatdatesatleastto...TheAffluent(富裕的)SocietybyJohnKennethGalbraith…因此选B。
53.D.细节题。
根据关键词Galbraith和discontented定位到第三段首句。
ToGalbraith,materialismhadgonemadandwouldbreeddiscontent.原文中的gomad对应选项中的runwild。
因此选D。
其他选项都于原文不符。
54.A.细节题。
根据关键词squeezed定位到第四段句末。
Peoplefeel“squeezed”becausetheirrisingincomesoftendon’tsatisfytheirrisingwants.说明增加的收入无法满足人们更高的物质需求。
因此选A。
55.D.词义题。
根据关键词LouisUchitelle和thedisposableAmerican定位到第五段。
Peopleregardjobstabilityaspartoftheirstandardofliving.Ascorporatelayoffsincreased,thatparthaseroded.Moreworkersfearthey’vebecome“thedisposableAmerican,”asLouisUchitelleputsit…说明人们把稳定的工作看做是维持生活标准的一部分,但随着失业人数的增加,人们渐渐丧失了生活的安全感,感到焦虑。
因此可推断D是正确答案。
56.C.细节题。
根据第六段末句Unfortunately,affluencealsocreatesnewcomplaintsandcontradictions.可知,丰富的物质生活给美国民众带来更多的冲突和抱怨。
故选C。
PassageTwo
Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Theuseofdeferential(敬重的)languageissymbolicoftheConfucianidealofthe
woman,whichdominatesconservativegendernormsinJapan.Thisidealpresentsa
womanwhowithdrawsquietlytothebackground,subordinatingherlifeandneedstothoseofherfamilyanditsmalehead.Sheisadutifuldaughter,wife,andmother,masterofthedomesticarts.ThetypicalrefinedJapanesewomanexcelsinmodestyanddelicacy;she“treadssoftly(谨言慎行)intheworld,”elevatingfemininebeautyandgracetoanartform.
Nowadays,itiscommonlyobservedthatyoungwomenarenotconformingtothefemininelinguistic(语言的)ideal.Theyareusingfeweroftheverydeferential“women’s”forms,andevenusingthefewstrongformsthatareknowas“men’s.”This,ofcourse,attractsconsiderableattentionandhasledtoanoutcryintheJapanesemediaagainstthedefeminizationofwomen’slanguage.Indeed,wedidn’thearabout“men’slanguage”untilpeoplebegantorespondtogirls’appropriationofformsnormallyreservedforboysandmen.Thereisconsiderablesentimentaboutthe“corruption”ofwomen’slanguage—whichofcourseisviewedaspartofthelossoffeminineidealsandmorality—andthissentimentiscrystallizedbynationwideopinionpollsthatareregularlycarriedoutbythemedia.
YoshikoMatsumotohasarguedthatyoungwomenprobablyneverusedasmanyofthehighlydeferentialformsasolderwomen.Thishighlypolitestyleisnodoubtsomethingthatyoungwomenhavebeenexpectedto“growinto”—afterall,itisasignnotsimplyoffemininity,butofmaturityandrefinement,anditsusecouldbetakentoindicateachangeinthenatureofone’ssocialrelationsaswell.Onemightwellimaginelittlegirlsusingexceedinglypoliteformswhenplayinghouseorimitatingolderwomen—inafashionanalogoustolittlegirls’useofahigh-pitchedvoicetodo“teachertalk”or“mothertalk”inroleplay.
ThefactthatyoungJapanesewomenareusinglessdeferentiallanguageisasuresignofchange—ofsocialchangeandoflinguisticchange.Butitismostcertainlynotasignofthe“masculization”ofgirls.Insomeinstances,itmaybeasignthatgirlsaremakingthesameclaimtoauthorityasboysandmen,butthatisverydifferentfromsayingthattheyaretryingtobe“masculine.”KatsueReynoldshasarguedthatgirlsnowadaysareusingmoreassertivelanguagestrategiesinordertobeabletocompetewithboysinschoolsandout.Socialchangealsobringsnotsimplydifferentpositionsforwomenandgirls,butdifferentrelationstolifestages,andadolescentgirlsareparticipatinginnewsubculturalforms.Thuswhatmay,toanolderspeaker,seemlike“masculine”speechmayseemtoanadolescentlike“liberated”or“hip”speech.
57.Thefirstparagraphdescribesindetail________.
A)thestandardssetforcontemporaryJapanesewomen
B)theConfucianinfluenceongendernormsinJapan
C)thestereotypedroleofwomeninJapanesefamilies
D)thenormsfortraditionalJapanesewomentofollow
58.Whatchangehasbeenobservedintoday’syoungJapanesewomen?
A)Theypaylessattentiontotheirlinguisticbehavior.
B)Theusefewerofthedeferentiallinguisticforms.
C)Theyconfusemaleandfemaleformsoflanguage.
D)Theyemployverystronglinguisticexpressions.
59.Howdosomepeoplereacttowomen’sappropriationofmen’slanguageformsasreportedintheJapanesemedia?
A)Theycallforacampaigntostopthedefeminization.
B)Theseeitasanexpressionofwomen’ssentiment.
C)Theyacceptitasamoderntrend.
D)Theyexpressstrongdisapproval.
60.AccordingtoYoshikoMatsumoto,thelinguisticbehaviorobservedintoday’syoungwomen________.
A)mayleadtochangesinsocialrelations
B)hasbeentrueofallpastgenerations
C)isviewedasasignoftheirmaturity
D)isaresultofrapidsocialprogress
61.TheauthorbelievesthattheuseofassertivelanguagebyyoungJapanesewomenis________.
A)asuresignoftheirdefeminizationandmaturation
B)anindicationoftheirdefianceagainstsocialchange
C)oneoftheirstrategiestocompeteinamale-dominatedsociety
D)aninevitabletrendoflinguisticdevelopmentinJapantoday
Passage2
概要:
本文主要讨论了日本年轻女性在使用敬语方面的变化、趋势,及其原因。
答案及解析
57.B.推断题。
文章首段首句总括全段,说明儒家思想对日本女