英国文化补考复习资料.doc

英国文化补考复习资料.doc

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thecommonwealthofNations

thegroupofseven，USA，France,UK,Germany,Italy,Canada,Ja

England 

1London,government,finance,culture,centure

2.1AD1sttribalkingdoms

2.243ADRomanEmpire（EW）

2.3AnglesandSaxon,KingArthur,roundtable（S）

2.48c,Scandinavia,Vikings,KingAlfredtheGreat（ews）

2.51066WilliamstheConqueror（ew）.TheTowerofLondon 

3RobinHoodoutlaw

4agapof11years,OliverGrownwell

5WilliamofOrangeandMary2

Scotland

1GlasgowandEdinburgh. 

2Hadrian'swall

3Macbeth

41609QueenElizabeththefirst

JamesthesixthofScotland\firstofEngland

51707joinedtheUnion

61998theScotlandact

1999firstelectionofMP

Wales

1Cadiff

2thePrinceofW,EdwardthefirstsonoftheMonarch

31536joinedtheUnion

4language,theOldBritishCeltictongue

5PlaidCymur,MP

NorthernIreland

1Belfast（biggestcapital）

2ProtestantUSRomanCatholic

31914ThethirdHomeRulewasovertakenbytheFirstWorldWar

41916TheEasterRising 

Dublin'sPostOffice,ForcetheBritishtoratakeitbymilitancymeans,leaderoftherebellionwereexecuted.

4.1916THeEasterRising复活节起义

Dublin'sPostoffice,forcethebritishtoretakeitbymilitary

means,leaderoftherebellionwereexecuted

5.1919IrishRepublicanArmy

1）theprovisionalIRAistheradical

factionoftheIRAforceandarms

6SinnFein

alegalpartyinNorthernIreland

"ThebulletandtheBallotBox" 

policysupportstheIRA

7.THEAnglo-IrishAgreement1985

8.TheGoodFriday1998.4.10

muti-partynegotiations

NorthernIrelandremainspartsoftheUKanditwon'tchangeitspoliticalstatus

unlessthemajorityofthepeopleofNIagreegovermentbyserveraljurisdictions:

TheRepublicofIreland,GreatBritain,itsownelectedexecutivegovernmentof10ministers

9.BloodySunday,1972.1.30

13Catholics,apeacefulcivilrights

march,468peopledied.

1）Themonarchy

1.1066theNormanConquest

2.throne王位heir继承人sovereign君主

3.MagnaCarta1215

alsonamedtheGreatCharterbaron贵族JohntheFirst

2）THeParliament 

1.1236，wasfirstused

2.theHouseoflords，representthemself

①thelordsspritual，archbishopsandmostprominentbishopsofthechurchofEngland

②thelordsTemporalhaveinherited

③theseatfromtheirforefathers

3.theHouseofCommons

①646membersofParliaments

②therealcenterofbritishpoliticallife

③representtheinterestsofthepeople 

④electedintheGeneralElection

4.1689,theBillofrights

1688,KingJames2'sdaughterMaryandher

husbandWilliam 

authorities权利：

KingwouldneverignoreParliament.

3）thePrimeMinisterandCabinet

4）Parliamentarydemocracy议会制共和制 

constitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制

5）statutelaw成文法

thecommonlaws 

conventions习惯法

parliamentarian议员

6）Theconstitution

ThefoundationoftheBritishstateare

laidoutin 

1.statutelaw2.thecommonlaws3.conventions

7）Parliamentfunction

1.passeslaws 

2.providethemeansofcarryingontheworkofgovernmentbyvotingfortaxation 

3.Scrutinisegovernmentpolicyadnubustrationandexpenditure花费

4.debatethemajorissuesoftheday

8）theroleofMonarchytoday

symbolisethetraditionandunityoftheBritishstate

①legallyheadoftheexecutive行政部门

②anintergralpartofthelegislatuer立法机关

③headofthejudiciary司法机关

④commanderinchiefofthearmedforces

⑤supermengovernorofthechurchofEngland

lelection

1.agovernmentcaninpowerfor5years

2.thePrimeMinstercancallanelectionsoonerthan5years

2）theConservativeParty

theLabourParty

theLiberaldemocrats

3）Theformationofthegovernment

651membersareelectedfrom

651constituencies

partyholdsamajorityseats

partyleaderisPrimeMinister

4）Theelectioncampaigns

advertisementinnewspapers

door-to-doorcampaign

postaldeliveryofleaflets

partyelectoralbroadcastsontheTV

attackandcriticisetheopponents'policies/aggressive&critical

5）classsysteninBritishsociaty

1.mostofthepeopleclaimthemselvestobeeitherofmiddle-classorworking-class

2.somepeopleactuallytheuppermiddle-classorlowermiddle-class

3.notsimpledividedbyeconomicandculture

4.differinthekindofnewspapersinthewaytheyspeak,inthekindofeducation

5.distinctivefeature:

aristocratictitlescanbeinherited.

与众不同的贵族特征权利/爵位会被继承

1）MargaretThatcherReform1979-1991

1.1979，TheConservativeParty,MargaretThatcher,radicalreform

2.bureaucracywasreduced

3.privatisationinthe1980s

4.inflationcameundercontrol,business,madeprofits

5,arapidincreaseinunemployment 

2）Privatisationinthe1980s

1.aparticularlyhadperiodinthe1970s,highratesofinflationanddevaluationofthepound

2.State-ownedbusiness（steel,telecom,gas,aerospace）wereturnintoprivatecompanies

3.successfulincontrollinginflationunemploymentrateincreasedrapidly

1）earlywriting

1.Beowulf

2.GeoffreyChaucer,TheCanterburyTales

2）Elizabeth

1.Marlowe,TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus

2.WilliamsShakespeare

RomeoandJuliet,Harlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,TheTanmingoftheShrew,AmidsummerNight'sDream,TwelfthNight,TheTempest

3）17thc

1.kingJame'sBible

2.FrancisBacon,TheNewAtlantis

3.JohnMilton,ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonistes

4.）18thcskepticism

1.JonathanSuriftCulliver'sTravels

2.DanielDefoe,RobinsonCrusoe

5）RomanticPeriod

1.GeorgeGordonByron

ChildeHarold'sPilgrimage,DonJuan

2.JohnKeats,OdeonaGrecianUrn,OdetoaNightingale

3.PercyByssheShelley,OdetotheWestWind,toaSkylark

4.JaneAusten,SenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudice,Emma

5.Brontësisters

CharlotteBrontë,JaneEyre

Emily,WutheringHeights

Ann

6.CharlesDickens,PickwickPapers,OliverTwist,Davidlopperfield,GreatExpectations,ATalkofTwoCities

7.ThomasHardy,TessoftheD'Urbervilles,JudetheObscure

6）ModernismandPostmodernism

1.JosephConrad,TheheartofDarkness

VirginiaWoolf,MrsDallowayTotheLighthouse,Orlando,ARoomofones,sown.

7）Romanticism

1.Thefirstthirdofthe19thc

2.concernedwithimaginationandfeelingthanwiththepowerofreason

3.Keats,Byron,Shelley

4.nevels

8）Modernism

1.MainlyWrittenbeforeWW2

2.areactionagainstRealism

3.expressthedifficultytheyseeinunderstandingandcommunicatinghowtheworldworks.

4.disorganized,Hurdtounderstand

5.portraystheactionfromtheviewpointofasingleconfusedindividual,ratherthanfromtheviewpointofanall-knowingimpersonalnarratoroutsidetheaction

6.VirginiaWolf