APA格式原文参考.docx

APA格式原文参考.docx

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APA格式原文参考

APACitationStyle

APAcitationstylereferstotherulesandconventionsestablishedbytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationfordocumentingsourcesusedinaresearchpaper.APAstylerequiresbothin-textcitationsandareferencelist.Foreveryin-textcitationthereshouldbeafullcitationinthereferencelistandviceversa.

TheexamplesofAPAstylesandformatslistedonthispageincludemanyofthemostcommontypesofsourcesusedinacademicresearch.ForadditionalexamplesandmoredetailedinformationaboutAPAcitationstyle,refertothe PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation andthe APAStyleGuidetoElectronicReferences.

Also,forautomaticgenerationofcitationsinappropriatecitationstyle,useabibliographiccitationmanagementprogramsuchas Refworks orEndNote.Youcanfindmoreinformationonthisinour CitationManagement page.

ReferenceCitationsinText

InAPAstyle,in-textcitationsareplacedwithinsentencesandparagraphssothatitisclearwhatinformationisbeingquotedorparaphrasedandwhoseinformationisbeingcited.

Examples:

Worksbyasingleauthor

Thelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublicationareinsertedinthetextattheappropriatepoint.

fromtheoryonboundedrationality（Simon,1945）

Ifthenameoftheauthororthedateappearaspartofthenarrative,citeonlymissinginformationinparentheses.

Simon（1945）positedthat

Worksbymultipleauthors

Whenaworkhastwoauthors,alwayscitebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccursinthetext.Inparentheticalmaterialjointhenameswithanampersand（&）.

ashasbeenshown（Leiter&Maslach,1998）

Inthenarrativetext,jointhenameswiththeword"and."

asLeiterandMaslach（1998）demonstrated

Whenaworkhasthree,four,orfiveauthors,citeallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs.

Kahneman,Knetsch,andThaler（1991）found

Inallsubsequentcitationsperparagraph,includeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedby"etal."（Latinfor"andothers"）andtheyearofpublication.

Kahnemanetal.（1991）found

Worksbyassociations,corporations,governmentagencies,etc.

Thenamesofgroupsthatserveasauthors（corporateauthors）areusuallywrittenouteachtimetheyappearinatextreference.

（NationalInstituteofMentalHealth[NIMH],2007）

Whenappropriate,thenamesofsomecorporateauthorsarespelledoutinthefirstreferenceandabbreviatedinallsubsequentcitations.ThegeneralruleforabbreviatinginthismanneristosupplyenoughinformationinthetextcitationforareadertolocateitssourceintheReferenceListwithoutdifficulty.

（NIMH,2007）

Workswithnoauthor

Whenaworkhasnoauthor,usethefirsttwoorthreewordsofthework'stitle（omittinganyinitialarticles）asyourtextreference,capitalizingeachword.Placethetitleinquotationmarksifitreferstoanarticle,chapterofabook,orWebpage.Italicizethetitleifitreferstoabook,periodical,brochure,orreport.

onclimatechange（"ClimateandWeather,"1997）

GuidetoAgriculturalMeteorologicalPractices （1981）

Anonymousauthorsshouldbelistedassuchfollowedbyacommaandthedate.

onclimatechange（Anonymous,2008）

Specificpartsofasource

Tociteaspecificpartofasource（alwaysnecessaryforquotations）,includethepage,chapter,etc.（withappropriateabbreviations）inthein-textcitation.

（Stigter&Das,1981,p.96）

DeWaal（1996）overstatedthecasewhenheassertedthat"weseemtobereaching...fromthehandsofphilosophers"（p.218）.

Ifpagenumbersarenotincludedinelectronicsources（suchasWeb-basedjournals）,providetheparagraphnumberprecededbytheabbreviation"para."ortheheadingandfollowingparagraph.

（Mönnich&Spiering,2008,para.9）

ReferenceList

ReferencescitedinthetextofaresearchpapermustappearinaReferenceListorbibliography.Thislistprovidestheinformationnecessarytoidentifyandretrieveeachsource.

∙Order:

 Entriesshouldbearrangedinalphabeticalorderbyauthors'lastnames.Sourceswithoutauthorsarearrangedalphabeticallybytitlewithinthesamelist.

∙Authors:

 Writeoutthelastnameandinitialsforallauthorsofaparticularwork.Useanampersand（&）insteadoftheword"and"whenlistingmultipleauthorsofasinglework.e.g.Smith,J.D.,&Jones,M.

∙Titles:

 Capitalizeonlythefirstwordofatitleorsubtitle,andanypropernamesthatarepartofatitle.

∙Pagination:

 Usetheabbreviationp.orpp.todesignatepagenumbersofarticlesfromperiodicalsthatdonotusevolumenumbers,especiallynewspapers.Theseabbreviationsarealsousedtodesignatepagesinencyclopediaarticlesandchaptersfromeditedbooks.

∙Indentation*:

 Thefirstlineoftheentryisflushwiththeleftmargin,andallsubsequentlinesareindented（5to7spaces）toforma"hangingindent".

∙Underliningvs.Italics*:

 Itisappropriatetouseitalicsinsteadofunderliningfortitlesofbooksandjournals.

Twoadditionalpiecesofinformationshouldbeincludedforworksaccessedonline.

∙InternetAddress**:

 AstableInternetaddressshouldbeincludedandshoulddirectthereaderascloseaspossibletotheactualwork.Iftheworkhasadigitalobjectidentifier（DOI）,usethis.IfthereisnoDOIorsimilarhandle,useastableURL.IftheURLisnotstable,asisoftenthecasewithonlinenewspapersandsomesubscription-baseddatabases,usethehomepageofthesiteyouretrievedtheworkfrom.

∙Date:

 Iftheworkisafinalizedversionpublishedanddated,asinthecaseofajournalarticle,thedatewithinthemainbodyofthecitationisenough.However,iftheworkisnotdatedand/orissubjecttochange,asinthecaseofanonlineencyclopediaarticle,includethedatethatyouretrievedtheinformation.

* TheAPAhasspecialformattingstandardsfortheuseofindentationanditalicsinmanuscriptsorpapersthatwillbetypesetorsubmittedforofficialpublication.Formoredetailedinformationonthesepublicationstandards,refertothe PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,orconsultwithyourinstructorsoreditorstodeterminetheirstylepreferences.

**Seethe APAStyleGuidetoElectronicReferences forinformationonhowtoformatURLsthattakeupmorethanoneline.

Examples:

Articlesinjournals,magazines,andnewspapers

Referencestoperiodicalarticlesmustincludethefollowingelements:

author（s）,dateofpublication,articletitle,journaltitle,volumenumber,issuenumber（ifapplicable）,andpagenumbers.

Journalarticle,oneauthor,accessedonline

Ku,G.（2008）.Learningtode-escalate:

Theeffectsofregretinescalationofcommitment. OrganizationalBehaviorandHumanDecisionProcesses, 105

（2）,221-232.doi:

10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002

Journalarticle,twoauthors,accessedonline

Sanchez,D.,&King-Toler,E.（2007）.Addressingdisparitiesconsultationandoutreachstrategiesforuniversitysettings. ConsultingPsychologyJournal:

PracticeandResearch, 59（4）,286-295.doi:

10.1037/1065-9293.59.4.286

Journalarticle,morethantwoauthors,accessedonline

VanVugt,M.,Hogan,R.,&Kaiser,R.B.（2008）.Leadership,followership,andevolution:

Somelessonsfromthepast. AmericanPsychologist, 63（3）,182-196.doi:

10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182

ArticlefromanInternet-onlyjournal

Hirtle,P.B.（2008,July-August）.Copyrightrenewal,copyrightrestoration,andthedifficultyofdeterminingcopyrightstatus. D-LibMagazine, 14（7/8）.doi:

10.1045/july2008-hirtle

Journalarticlefromasubscriptiondatabase（noDOI）

Colvin,G.（2008,July21）.Informationworthbillions.Fortune, 158

（2）,73-79.RetrievedfromBusinessSourceComplete,EBSCO.Retrievedfrom

Magazinearticle,inprint

Kluger,J.（2008,January28）.Whywelove. Time, 171（4）,54-60.

Newspaperarticle,noauthor,inprint

Aspricessurge,ThailandpitchesOPEC-stylericecartel.（2008,May5）. TheWallStreetJournal,p.A9.

Newspaperarticle,multipleauthors,discontinuouspages,inprint

Delaney,K.J.,Karnitschnig,M.,&Guth,R.A.（2008,May5）.MicrosoftendspursuitofYahoo,reassessesitsonlineoptions. TheWallStreetJournal,pp.A1,A12.

Books

Referencestoanentirebookmustincludethefollowingelements:

author（s）oreditor（s）,dateofpublication,title,placeofpublication,andthenameofthepublisher.

NoAuthororeditor,inprint

Merriam-Webster'scollegiatedictionary（11thed.）.（2003）.Springfield,MA:

Merriam-Webster.

Oneauthor,inprint

Kidder,T.（1981）. Thesoulofanewmachine.Boston,MA:

Little,Brown&Company.

Twoauthors,inprint

Frank,R.H.,&Bernanke,B.（2007）. Principlesofmacro-economics （3rded.）.Boston,MA:

McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Corporateauthor,authoraspublisher,accessedonline

AustralianBureauofStatistics.（2000）. Tasmanianyearbook2000 （No.1301.6）.Canberra,AustralianCapitalTerritory:

Author.Retrievedfrom...$

Editedbook

Gibbs,J.T.,&Huang,L.N.（Eds.）.（2001）. Childrenofcolor:

Psychologicalinterventionswithculturallydiverseyouth.SanFrancisco,CA:

Jossey-Bass.

Dissertations

Referencesfordissertationsshouldincludethefollowingelements:

author,dateofpublication,title,andinstitution（ifyouaccessedthemanuscriptcopyfromtheuniversitycollections）.IfthereisaUMInumberoradatabaseaccessionnumber,includeitattheendofthecitation.

Dissertation,accessedonline

Young,R.F.（2007）. Crossingboundariesinurbanecology:

Pathwaystosustainablecities （Doctoraldissertation）.AvailablefromProQuestDissertations&Thesesdatabase.（UMINo.327681）

Essaysorchaptersineditedbooks

Referencestoanessayorchapterinaneditedbookmustincludethefollowingelements:

essayo