英国文化 了解最新英国文化前沿.docx

英国文化 了解最新英国文化前沿.docx

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英国文化了解最新英国文化前沿

Culturecanbemostsimplydefinedasasetofsharedideas,orthecustoms,beliefs,andknowledgethatcharacterizeawayoflife.

“Cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”BySirEdwardTylor（19thcenturyBritishanthropologist

WhatimagesareassociatedwithEngland?

RoyalGuardsmen;DoubleDeckBuses;

RedPostBoxes;TelephoneKiosks;

TheRoyalFamily;BuckinghamPalace;HousesofParliament;StPaul’sCathedral;Policemen;TheLondonEye;

PubSignsandTea

Shakespear…

flag

Whatdoestheflagsymbolize?

ItissometimesreferredtoastheUnionJackandistheflagofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

Theflagisactuallythreeflagsinone.

Englandflag（St.Andrew）

Scotlandflagand（St.George）

thepatronsaintofIreland'sFlag（St.Patrick）.

TheStoryofUnionflag

TheUnionFlag,popularlyknownasthe*UnionJack,isthenationalflagoftheUnitedKingdom.ItistheBritishflag.

ItiscalledtheUnionFlagbecauseitsymbolisestheadministrativeunionofthecountriesoftheUnitedKingdom.ItismadeupupoftheindividualFlagsofthreeoftheKingdom'scountriesallunitedunderoneSovereign-thecountriesof'England,of'Scotland'andof'NorthernIreland'（since1921onlyNorthernIrelandhasbeenpartoftheUnitedKingdom）.AsWaleswasnotaKingdombutaPrincipalityitcouldnotbeincludedontheflag.

The"UnionJack"flagoftheUnitedKingdom

ThenamesuggestsBritainflagasthesymbolofthekingdomsofEnglandandWales,ScotlandandNorthernIreland.

Theproportionoftheflagistracedas1:

2.

TheColorschemeoftheBritishFlagconsistsofRedandWhite.

ThreeHeraldic（纹章学的）crossesaredepictedonthebluebaseoftheUnionJackflag.ThesecrossesinthepictureofBritishflagsignifyeachofthecountries.

ThewhitecolorsignifiestheCandor（真诚，坦率）andPeace,theredcolorstandsforpowerofendurance（忍耐）,gallantry（勇敢）,vigorandcourage.Thebluebackgroundepitomizes（象征）perseverance,truth,dedication（奉献）andmoralityinjudgment

TheWelshdragondoesnotappearontheflagbecausewhenthefirstUnionFlagwascreatedin1606,WaleswasalreadyunitedwithEnglandfromthe13thcentury.ThismeantthatWalesaPrincipality（公国）（威尔士）insteadofaKingdomandassuchcouldnotbeincluded.

In1536,underHenryVIII,theActofUnionjoinedEnglandandWalesofficially.

Thefullname

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

Itindludes4partswithintheonenation-state（单一民族国家）:

theislandofGreatBritainismadeupofEngland,ScotlandandWales,andNorthernIreland,aprovinceontheneighbouringislandofIreland,completestheset（组成完整的国家）.

Differences

amultiracialsociety（多种族的社会）：

recentgroupofimmigrantshavebroughtaspectsoftheirowncultureswiththemwhichsitsidebysidewithmoretraditionallyBritishwaysoflife

asocietywithaclass-structure（阶级结构的社会）：

divideeconomically

region:

highland/lowland,culturallydistinctthoughtheboundarybetweenthemisnotmarkedonanymapandexistsonlyasaratherunclearmentalattitude.

thedifferencebetweenthecapitalandtheprovinces:

London:

inthesouth,thelargestcity,oneseventhofthenation'spopulation,theseatofgovernment（政府所在地）,theculturalcentre（hometoallthemajornewspapers,Tvstations,galleries,theatresandmuseums）,thebusinesscentre（headquartersofthevastmajorityofBritain'sbigcompanies）,thefinancialcentre.

（Beijing,ShanghaiandGuangzhou）

（NewYork,WashingtonandLosAngeles

ThroughouttheyeartheBritishcelebratemanyholidayswhichreflectthereligious,historical,socialandculturaldiversityoftheircountry.

SomeholidaysarecelebratedthroughoutthecountryandmarkimportanteventsoftheChristiancalendar.

Otherholidaysarebasedonlocalcustomsandtraditionswhichreflectthevarietyofexperienceindifferentregions

Whatalmostalloftheholidayshaveincommon---whethertheyarelocal,regionalornational---isthattheyprovideanopportunityforfamiliesandfriendstogettogethertovisit,eat,exchangegoodwishesandenjoyeachother’scompanyandhospitality.（乐于与人交往）

Christmas（Dec.25）

ThebiggestandbestlovedBritishsociety

HowBritishpeoplecelebrateChristmas?

School,shopsandofficesclosefortheholidayperiod,sopeoplecanspendtimeathomewiththeirfamilies

Decoratethehouseandworkplacewithever-greenplantslikehollyandivy,coloredlights,Christmastreesandornaments

Kissunderatwigofmistletoe

ExchangegiftsandChristmascards,prepareholidayfoods

threechristmastraditions

TheChristmasPantomime（童话剧）,acomicalmusicalplay

The“panto”（通话剧）isusuallybasedonaversionofatraditionalchildren’sstorylikeCinderella,writtentoincludesongsandjokeswhichcanbeenjoyedbyadultsandchildren

Themainmalecharacter—theprincipalboy—isplayedbyayoungwoman

Themainfemalecharacter—amiddle-aged,oftenuglywomancalled“theDame”—playedbyaman,oftenafamousactororsportsman,heavymakeup,skirtsandwoman’sshoes,veryhumorous

tohearthequeen'smessage

ToheartheQueengiveherChristmasmessagetoherrealmoverthetelevisionandradio.

TheBritishQueenisalsotheQueenofothernations,likeCanadaandAustralia,andsohermessageisbroadcasttohermillionsofsubjectsthroughouttheworld.Sheusuallytalksabouttheyearthathaspassedandexpressesherhopesforthefuture.

boxingday

Traditionally,itwasonBoxingDaythatpeoplegaveChristmasgiftsormoneytotheirstallorservants.

NowthatmostBritishpeopledonothaveservants,thiscustomisnolongerobservedandmostpeoplecannoteventellyouwhatoneissupposedtodoonBoxingDay.

SomethinkitinvolvesthesportofboxingandothersthinkithassomethingtodowiththeBoxeruprisinginChina（中国的义和团运动）

NewBoxingDaycustom:

adayforshopping,visiting,eatingandrelaxing

easter（每年春分月圆后的第一个星期日）

ThemostimportantChristianfestivalforchurchgoers

Commemoratethecrucifixion（耶稣钉死于十字架）andresurrection（耶稣复活）ofJesusChrist

TheEasteregg,originallyaChristiansymbolofnewlife

RabbitsandchicksarealsoanimalstraditionallyassociatedwithEasterandwidelyappearinchocolatefromaroundthistime

nationalholidays

Queen’sBirthday:

2ndSaturdayinJune

Officiallycelebratedby“troopingtheColor”aroundBuckinghamPalaceinLondon（大检阅庆祝活动）

TheUKdoesnothavea“nationalday”andthepompandceremonysurroundingtheQueeninspectinghertroopsdrawshundredsofpeople

BritishdiplomatsabroadwilloftenhaveaspecialpartyoreventtocelebratetheQueen’sbirthday

holidaysinthe4nations

England:

BonfireNight/GuyfawkesNight—celebratedintheearlyautumn

Ontheeveningof5Nov.1605,aplantoblowuptheBritishParliament,killtheProtestantKingandreplacehimwithaCatholicKingwasdiscovered.Oneoftheconspirators,wasfoundinthecellarsofWestminsterwith36barrelsofgunpowder.Heandtheothermembersofhisgangswerearrested,torturedandkilled.

ProtestantpoliticiansdecidedthattheGunpowderPlothadfailedbecauseGodwantedtheProtestantstocontinuetoruleEngland.Parliamentpassedalegalactcallingfora“PublicthanksgivingtoAlmightyGod”forrevealingtheplot,tobeheldontheanniversaryoftheevent.

Nowadays,Englishpeoplestillcelebratethiseventinthetraditionalway.

InearlyNovember,gangsofsmallchildrenapearonBritishstreets,oftenwithastraweffigy（模拟像）calledthe“guy”.Theybegformoneyfrompassingadults,sometimessingsing

PennyfortheGuy

Hithimintheeye

Stickhimupalamppost

Andtherelethimdie

ThemoneytheyreceiveisspentonfireworkstobesetoffonBonfireNight.Mostcommunitieshavepublicbonfires,wherepeoplegathertocookpotatoesandsausagesinthefireandwatchfireworksdisplays.

Traditionally,a“guy”isthrownonthebonfire,althoughthisisfallingoutofpracticebecausesomepeoplefeelitistoofrighteningforsmallchildrenandothersfeelthatitisinappropriate,asitremindsCatholicsofhowtheywerepersecutedinthepast.

ThemoneytheyreceiveisspentonfireworkstobesetoffonBonfireNight.Mostcommunitieshavepublicbonfires,wherepeoplegathertocookpotatoesandsausagesinthefireandwatchfireworksdisplays.

Traditionally,a“guy”isthrownonthebonfire,althoughthisisfallingoutofpracticebecausesomepeoplefeelitistoofrighteningforsmallchildrenandothersfeelthatitisinappropriate,asitremindsCatholicsofhowtheywerepersecutedinthepast.

Inlondon,thecellars（地窖）ofParliamentarestillsymbolicallysearchedbycandlelightbytheBeefeaters（英国皇家警卫军仪仗卫士theroyalguard）.DuringthesearchforGuyFawkesin1605,thelastcellarcontainedawinemerchant.Theguardsaskedhimtoopenhiswinebarrelstoseeifhewashidinggunpowderinthem.TheBeefeatersstillcontinuethistradition,withtheirsearchofthecellarsendingwithadrinkingsession.

northernireland

NorthernIrishCatholicscelebratethebirthdayofthepatronsaint（守护神）ofIreland,StPatrick,onMarch17eachyear.

PatrickwasaCatholicbishopwholivedinthe5thcenturyandisthoughttohavebroughtChristianitytoIreland.HelivedinGreatBritain,butattheageof16wascapturedbyIrishraiders,takentoIrelandandmadeaslave.HeeventuallyescapedandreturnedtoBritain,wherehehadadreaminwhichtheIrishbeggedhimtoreturn.AlthoughhismemoriesofyearsofslaveryinIrelandmadehimhesitate,hefollowedthiscallandhadaverysuccessfulmissionarycareer.

Accordingtopupularlegend,StPatrickdrovesnakes（theChristiansymbolofev