汽车专业毕业设计 翻译 中英文全telecomauto1103v1contr.docx

汽车专业毕业设计 翻译 中英文全telecomauto1103v1contr.docx

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汽车专业毕业设计翻译中英文全telecomauto1103v1contr

ADAPTATIONOFATC/ATPTECHNOLOGYINFUTUREAUTOMOBILEDESIGNS.

By

JOSHUAODELEYE

PRINCIPALSTAFFDEVELOPMENTOFFICER

NIGERIANINSITUTEOFTRANSPORTTECHNOLOGY（NITT）,

P.M.B.1148,ZARIA,NIGERIA.

E-MAIL:

joshuaodeleye@

Mobilephone:

234-803-5905619

Abstract.

Despitetheindispensabilityofautomobilesinthemodernsocietyautomobiletechnologyisparadoxicallyregardedasoneoftheunfortunatethingstohappentothisgenerationbecauseofitssusceptibilitytoaccidents.And,researcheshaveconfirmedthatover-speedingamongmotorists,isoneofthenotablefactorsthatunderscoredthepersistentofignoblecarnagesonvariousroadnetworksglobally,particularlyinthedevelopingcountries.

Thispaper,thusassessedthefunctionalityandworkabilityofAutomaticTrainsControl/Protection（ATC/ATP）technologyintherailwaysinfutureautomobile.ThisisasafetydevicethataptlycombinesthecomplementaryadvantagesandpotentialsofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies（ICTs）toharnessandenhancesafetyintherailtransport.

Consequently,thispaperrecommendedtheadaptationofATC/ATPtechnologiesinfutureautomobiledesigns,suchthatin-builtICTscomponentsinautomobilewillenhancesafetyontheroadbyalertingand/orwarningvehiclesoccupantsofinherentdangerspromptly,aswellascheckingtherecklessattitudinalpostureandnegativebehaviouraltendencies;suchasover-speedingthatusuallyleadtooccurrenceoffatalroadaccidents,amongfuturemotorists.

Keywords:

Speed,Safety,Accident,ICTs,ATC/ATP.

Introduction

Globallyautomobileenjoysexclusivepatronageincarriageofgoodsandpeople.Researchattributedthistoitsflexibilityinrenderingdoor-to-doorservicesovertimeandspace.Hence,theimpactofautomobileisbeenfeltinallaspectsofhumansocio-economic,politicalandculturalactivities.

Ironically,automobilehasbeenhighlysusceptibletoroadaccident.Despitetheadaptationofthe“ThreeEs”oftrafficsafetyi.eEducation,EngineeringandEnforcement,therateofglobalroadtrafficaccidentisalarming.AccordingtoaWorldBankreport（2001）itislucidlystatedthatrecentconservativeestimatessuggestthatbetween750,000and880,000peoplediedasaresultofroadaccidentsin1999.Alsoabout25and35millionpeoplewereinjuredinroadaccidentsworldwide,ofwhichupto75%wereinurbanareas.

Interestingly,about85%ofthesewereindevelopingandtransitionaleconomies.Also,theeconomiccostoftheseaccidentsinthedevelopingworldhasbeenestimatedatUS$65billion,whichisapproximatelyequaltothetotalannualaidandlendingoftheinternationalinstitutionstothesecountries.Roadaccidentcurrentlyrankninthasacauseofdeathsworldwideandareexpectedtorisetosixthbyyear2020.Evenmoresignificantly,becausemanyofthepeoplekilledarerelativelyyoung,roadaccidentsalreadyranksecondintermsofreductionsinlifeexpectancy.

Nevertheless,ATC/ATPtechnologyisbeenregardedasasuccorinthemodernrailway,forithashelpedinenhancingsafetyovertimeandspace.

Recently,agitationforATPbecameapoliticalhotpotato,withtheamazingspectacleofdemonstratorsonLondon’sstreetshouting’whatdowewantATP!

ATP!

Whendowewantit!

Now!

AfterLadbrokeaccidentin1999.

（seeRichardHope,2002）.Furthermore,by2008ATPismandatorilyexpectedonalltrainsplyinglineswheretrainexceed160km/hrinEurope.

HumanFactorinRoadAccidents.

InanempiricalroadsafetyresearchcarriedoutbyEuropeanroadsafetyexpertsin1998,over-speedingwasrankedfirstamongallothercontributoryfactorstoroadaccidentsinEurope.Inotherwords,highvelocitiesisbeingregardedasthegreatestproblem.

Over-speedinganegativeattitudinal/behaviouraltendencyoftenexhibitbymostdriversgloballyseemstohavedefiedallcountermeasuresalreadyputinplace,particularlysafetyeducationalapproachessuchassafetyjingleonradioandtelevision,printmedias,roadsidebill-board,trainingandretrainingofdrivers,stringentlicensingprocessesetc,inwhichsenseofreasoningofdriversareappealtothroughappealingheadlinelike“SpeedKills”.

Hence,theneedforamorecomprehensiveengineeringapproach,i.eintegrationofATC/ATPcomponentsinfuturevehicles,suchthatitwillcomplementoptimallyandconfigurecollectivelyandeffectivelyinaunitofautomobiletheconceptofThreeE’s（i.eSafetyEducation,EngineeringandEnforcement）.

ATCConfiguration.

BasedontheprovensuccessstoryofATCapplicationintheVancouverSkyTrain,itsconfigurationisasfollows:

TheATChardwareisdividedintotwoparts:

theVehicleOn-BoardControl（VOBC）locatedonthevehicleandcomposedadual–processorcomputerthatcontinuallymonitorstheposition,speedandgeneralstatusofthetrain,andtheVehicleControlCentre（VCC）locatedintheoperationsandmaintenancecentrethatdirectsthetrainmovementviatheVOBCs.TheVCCnormallycommunicateswithtrainsatleastonceeverysecondandiscapableofcontrollingupto125trains.IfcommunicationsbetweenaVOBCandtheVCCislostorgarbledformorethan3seconds,theVOBCfail-safemechanismhaltsthetrainbyapplyingtheemergencybrakes.

TechnicalJustificationforATCintheRailway.

Nowadays,nearlyalltracksectionsinJapanuseautomotiveblocksystemsaswellasAutomotionTrainStop（ATS）system.ThisisareplacementfortheoldtokenandtabletsystemsthatsecuretrainsafetybyrelyingmerelyonUnreliableHumanAttentiveness.（Saito,2002）.

Ogasaetal（1999）,alsostatedthat“Developmentofazero–speedelectricbrakesystemwhichisabletocontrolspeedtozerowillmakeitpossibleforustomakehaltingcontrol,withoutresortingtoothertypesofbrakes,becausetheelectricbrakeisexcellentinresponse.Withazero-speedbrake,thefollowingmeritsaccrue:

⇨Reductionofmaintenanceworkloadinvolvingreplacementofbrakeshoes.

⇨ReductionofthemechanicalbrakingsystemsweightandrealizationofanexcellentAutomaticTrainControlfordeceleration.

⇨Itwilleliminate90%crashescausedbyhumanerrorssuchasmisjudgmentsandinattention.

⇨Itwillcheckaccordinglybothhumanandvehicularnegativetendencieslikehigh-velocitiesovertimeandspace.

OperationalCharacteristicsofATC.

Summarily,whenevertheATCcabsignalshows‘Zero’（Stop）,automaticallythetrainwillstop,perhapsasadetectionofdangeraheadofthetrainorbecauseofdriverover-speeding.

⇨TheATCmonitorsthespeedandintervenesifnecessary.

⇨TheATCpreventsthedriverfromexceedinganyspeedlimit.

ExamplesofModalTechnologiesTransferinTransportation.

Transferoftechnologiesfromonemodeoftransporttotheotherisnowadaysprevalentastheconceptofglobalizationcontinuetogainmoregroundinallhumanactivities.AndtheflexibilityinadaptationofInformationandCommunicationTechnologies（ICTs）hasmadepossibletheadaptationofControlTowerintheairtransporttobepossibleinthemodernrailwaytransportinformofCentralizedTrafficControl（CTC）,wherebytrainscanberemotelymonitorfromafarbythetrafficcontrollers.

Also,therecentsuccessfulutilizationofGroundPenetratingRadar（GPR）intherailwayintheUSAtodetermineandpredictthecomponentsoftracksub-gradeaswellaslikelihoodofanymishap,duetosub-gradefailure.This,alsocanbelikenedtotheradaroperationintheairtransport.TheseamongothersjustifiedtransferabilityofATCtothefutureautomobiledesignsandmanufacturing.

UpgradingIn-BuiltSafetyApparatusinFutureAutomobile.

Becauseofthealarmingrateofroadaccidentglobally,autodesigners/manufacturersovertheyearhaveoptimallyexploitedsomeoftheinherentpotentialsofICTsinnewautomobile.Forinstance,someoftheunderlistedfacilitiesareprovidedinnewautomobileasawayofenhancingsafetyofvehiclesaswellastheoccupants.Theseinclude:

⇨SafetyEnhancementUnit（SEU）.

⇨Impact–absorbingvehiclebodies.

⇨Antilockbrakingsystem（ABS）.

⇨Rearcollisionavoidancedevice.

⇨ITS–IntelligentTransportationSystem.

⇨On-boardsensors.

⇨Installationofsensoronroadscomponents

Nevertheless,roadaccidentsonglobalroadnetworkisexpectedtobeonincreaseinfuture,overtimeandspaceasstatedabove.Thisisbecausesomeofthesesafetyfacilitiesfailtohaveultimatecontrolovertheexcessesofthedriversaswellasthatofthevehicle,intermofhighvelocities.Thus,thisexistingsystemcouldbeupgradedbydesigningacomprehensivepackagethatwillhaveanoverwhelmingandabsolutecontroloverthisarbitraryandignobleattitudinalandbehaviouraltendencyofdrivers.Thisproposedsystemisexpectedtoputundercontroltechnicallytheunpredictableandunsafedynamicnatureofmanthatisresponsibleforhighspeed.Inasmuchasspeedlimitcontrol（throughsafetyruleenforcement）,aswellashighwayengineeringseemsafailureinthisrespect.

ATCControlUnitInstallationinFutureAutomobile.

Themostdifficultmeasuretoimplementarethoserelatedtoloweringspeedandenforcingspeedregulations,eventhoughsuchmeasuresaremosteffectiveinreducingthenumberofaccident（seeNR&TR,No.l,2001）.

Definitely,thereisgoingtobecounterreactionsfrommotoristsagainstinstallationofATConfuturegenerationvehicle.Thisisgoingtoberegardedsociallyasanirrationalinfringementonindividualrighttochooseappropriatespeedonavehiclethathavehighspeedcapacitybeyondthestipulatedspeedlimit.

However,becauseoftheinherentsafetyadvantagesofATCinstallationinfutureautomobile,theATCcontrolunitcouldbeinstalledinanyofthefollowingfunct