自考英美文学选读知识点.docx

自考英美文学选读知识点.docx

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自考英美文学选读知识点

自考英美文学选读知识点

01.Humanism（人文主义）

HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.

itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife，buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.

02.Renaissance（文艺复兴）

Theword“Renaissance”means“rebirth”，itmeantthereintroductionintowestermEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.

2>theessenceoftheRenaissanceisHumanism.Attitudesandfeelingswhichhadbeencharacteristicofthe14thand15thcenturiespersistedwelldownintotheeraofHumanismandreformation.

3>therealmainstreamoftheenglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandramawithwilliamshakespearebeingtheleadingdramatist.

03.Metaphysicalpoetry（玄学派诗歌）

Metaphysicalpoetryiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.

2>witharebelliousspirit，theMetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.

3>thedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicalperiods，andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.4>theimageryisdrawnfromactuallife.

04.Classcism（古典主义）

Classcismreferstoamovementortendencyinart，literature，ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Classicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal，andplacesvalueonreason，clarity，balance，andorder.Classicism，withitsconcernforreasonanduniversalthemes，istraditionallyopposedtoRomanticism，whichisconcernedwithemotionsandpersonalthemes.

05.Enlightenment（启蒙运动）

EnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressivephilosophicalandartisticmovementwhichflourishedinfranceandsweptthroughwesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.

2>themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefrom14thcenturytothemid-17thcentury.

3>itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.

4>itcelebratedreasonorrationality，equalityandscience.Itadvocateduniversaleducation.

5>famousamongthegreatenlightenersinenglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeAlexanderpope.Jonathanswift.etc.

06.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）

Inthefieldofliterature，theenlightenmentmovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.

2>thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheNeoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterssuchasHomerandVirgilandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.

3>theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder，logic，restrainedemotionandaccuracy，andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.

07.TheGraveyardSchool（墓地派诗歌）

TheGraveyardSchoolreferstoaschoolofpoetsofthe18thcenturywhosepoemsaremostlydevotedtoasentimentallamentationormeditationonlife.Pastandpresent，withdeathandgraveyardasthemes.

2>ThomasGrayisconsideredtobetheleadingfigureofthisschoolandhisElegywritteninacountrychurchyardisitsmostrepresentativework.

08.Romanticism（浪漫主义）

1>Inthemid-18thcentury，anewliterarymovementcalledromanticismcametoEuropeandthentoEngland.

2>Itwascharacterizedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofneoclassicism，whichemphasizedreason，orderandelegantwit.Instead，romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion，emotion，andnaturalbeauty.

3>Inthehistoryofliterature.Romanticismisgenerallyregardedasthethoughtthatdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandexperience.4>TheEnglishromanticperiodisanageofpoetrywhichprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to1837.ThemajorromanticpoetsincludeWordsworth，ByronandShelley.

09.ByronicHero（拜伦式英雄）

Byronicheroreferstoaproud，mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.

2>withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers，thisByronicHerowouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsociety.Andwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment，inreligion，orinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.

3>Byron‘schiefcontributiontoEnglishliteratureishiscreationofthe“ByronicHero”

10.CriticalRealism（批判现实主义）

CriticalRealismisatermappliedtotherealisticfictioninthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.

2>Itmeansthetendencyofwritersandintellectualsintheperiodbetween1875and1920toapplythemethodsofrealisticfictiontothecriticismofsocietyandtheexaminationofsocialissues.

3>Realistwriterswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleanddescribedwhatwasfaithfultoreality.

4>CharlesDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.

11.Aestheticism（美学主义）

ThebasictheoryoftheAestheticmovement——“artforart‘ssake”wassetforthbyaFrenchpoet，TheophileGautier，thefirstEnglishmanwhowroteaboutthetheoryofaestheticismwasWalterPater.

2>aestheticismplacesartabovelife，andholdsthatlifeshouldimitateart，notartimitatelife.

3>Accordingtotheaesthetes，allartisticcreationisabsolutelysubjectiveasopposedtoobjective.Artshouldbefreefromanyinfluenceofegoism.Onlywhenartisforart‘ssake，canitbeimmortal.Theybelievedthatartshouldbeunconcernedwithcontroversialissues，suchaspoliticsandmorality，andthatitshouldberestrictedtocontributingbeautyinahighlypolishedstyle.

4>ThisisoneofthereactionsagainstthematerialismandcommercialismoftheVictorianindustrialera，aswellasareactionagainsttheVictorianconventionofartformorality‘ssake，orartformoney’ssake.

美学运动的基本原则“为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔。

高缔尔提出，英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特。

佩特。

美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活，认为生活应模仿艺术，而不是艺术模仿生活。

在美学主义看来，所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物。

艺术不应受任何功利的影响，只有当艺术为艺术而创作时，艺术才能成为不朽之作。

他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题，艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美。

这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应，也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战。

12.TheVictorianperiod（维多利亚时期） 

Inthisperiod，thenovelbecamethemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethought.Whilestickingtotheprincipleoffaithfulrepresentationofthe18thcenturyrealistnovel，novelistsinthisperiodcarriedtheirdutyforwardtocriticismofthesocietyandthedefenseofthemass.

2>althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques，theysharedonethingincommon，thatis，theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereangrywiththeinhumansocialinstitutions，thedecayingsocialmoralityasrepresentedbythemoney-worshipandUtilitarianism，andthewidespreadmisery，povertyandinjustice.

3>theirtruthfulpictureofpeople‘slifeandbitterandstrongcriticismofthesocietyhaddonemuchinawakeningthepublicconsciousnesstothesocialproblemsandintheactualimprovementofthesociety.

4>CharlesDickensistheleadingfigureoftheVictorianperiod.

13.Modernism（现代主义）

Modernismiscomprehensivebutvaguetermfora movement，whichbegininthelate19thcenturyandwhichhashadawideinfluenceinternationallyduringmuchofthe20thcentury.

2>modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalcase.

3>thetermpertainstoallthecreativearts.Especiallypoetry，fiction，drama，painting，musicandarchitecture.

4>inEnglandfromearlyinthe20thcenturyandduringthe1920sand1930s，inAmericafromshortlybeforethefirstworldwarandonduringtheinter-warperiod，modernisttendencieswereattheirmostactiveandfruitful.

5>asfarasliteratureisconcerned，Modernismrevealsabreakingawayfromestablishedrules，traditionsandconventions.freshwaysoflookingatman‘spositionandfunctionintheuniverseandmanyexperimentsinformandstyle.Itisparticularlyconcernedwithlanguageandhowtouseitandwithwritingitself.

14.Streamofconsciousness（意识流）（orinteriormonologue）

Inliterarycriticism，Streamofconsciousnessdenotesaliterarytechniquewhichseekstodescribeanindividual‘spointofviewbygivingthewrittenequivalentofthecharacter’sthoughtprocesses.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisstronglyassociatedwiththemodernistmovement.Itsintroductionintheliterarycontext，transferredfrompsychology，isattributedtoMaySinclair.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisusuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonologueandischaracterizedbyassociativeleapsinsyntaxandpunctuationthatcanmaketheprosedifficulttofollow，tracingastheydoacharacter‘sfragmentarythoughtsandsensoryfeelings.FamouswriterstoemploythistechniqueintheEnglishlanguageincludeJamesJoyceandWilliamFaulkner.

学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。

意识流是现代主义运动的体现，它首先出现在心现学领域，由梅。

辛克拉提出的，后引进文学领域。

意识流写作通常被认为是一种特殊形式的内心独白。

它的特别是联想性，以句法和标点的跳跃，文章的晦涩难懂为特征。

来表现人物的片断思维和感官性直觉。

比较著名的使用此技巧的有乔伊斯。

福克纳。

15.AmericanPuritanism（美国清教主义）

PuritanismwasareligiousreformthatarosewithintheChurchofEnglandinthelate16thcentury.Undersiegefromchurchandcrown，itsentanoffshootinthethirdandfourthdecadesofthe17thtothenorthernEnglishcoloniesinthenewworld——amigrationthatlaidthefoundationforthereligious，intellectual，andsocialorderofNewEngland.Puritanism，however，wasnotonlyahistoricallyspecificphenomenoncoincidentwiththefoundingofnewEngland，itwasalsoawayofbeingintheworld——astyleofresponsetolivedexperience——thathasreverberatedthroughAmericanlifeeversince.Doctrinally，puritansadheredtothefivepointsofCalvinismascodifiedatthesyno