美国文学,美国文学选读americanliterature.ppt

美国文学,美国文学选读americanliterature.ppt

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AmericanLiterature,TheOutlineofAmericanLiterature,IColonialPeriod（16071765）IIRevolutionaryPeriod（17651800）IIITheAgeofRomanticism（18001865）IVTheAgeofRealism（18651918）VAmericanModernism（19181945）VIContemporaryLiterature（1945-）,TheAgeofRomanticism,SectionOne:

AmericanRomanticismSectionTwo:

NewEnglandTranscendentalismSectionThree:

RomanticNovelistsSectionFour:

RomanticPoetsSectionFive:

EdgarAllanPoe,AmericanRomanticism,BackgroundsTermsDistinctFeatureofAmericanRomanticismImportantLiteraryFiguresofAmericanRomanticism,Backgrounds,1nationalinfluences2internationalinfluences,nationalinfluences,Inpolitics:

democracyandpoliticalequalitylaythefoundationofRomanticism;Ineconomics:

thespreadofindustrialism;thesuddeninfluxofimmigrationandthepioneerspushingthefrontierfurtherwest;Inculture:

thepublicationofWebsterDictionarymarkedthebeginningoftheAmericanEnglish;theappearanceofmanymagazinesandnewspapers;,internationalinfluences,RomanticMovementinEnglandandEuropeprovedtobeadecisiveinfluence;ManyEnglishandEuropeanmasterofpoetryandprosemadestimulatingimpactonAmericanRomanticism.,Terms,RomanceEmotionallyheightened,symbolicAmericannovelsassociatedwiththeRomanticperiod.Romanticism,Romanticism,amovementofthe18thand19thcentury.Itisthepredominanceofimaginationoverreasonandformalrulesandoverthesenseoffactortheactual,apsychologicaldesiretoescapefromunpleasantrealities.,DetailedInformation,Romanticismwasamovementinliterature,philosophy,musicandartwhichdevelopedinEuropeinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.ItemphasizedindividualvaluesandaspirationsabovethoseofsocietyasareactiontotheIndustrialRevolution.ItlookedtotheMiddleAgesandtodirectcontactwithnatureforinspiration.Itgaveimpetustothenationalliberationmovementin19th-centuryEurope.,DistinctFeatureofAmericanRomanticism,1Itwastheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”andcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.2IttendedtobedidacticbecauseofPuritaninfluence.3Itwasbothimitativeandindependent.,ImportantLiteraryFiguresofAmericanRomanticism,WashingtonIrvingJamesFenimoreCooper,WashingtonIrving（17831895）华盛顿.欧文,HislifeHiscareerandworksHisstyleHiscontributiontoAm.Lit.,HisLife

（1）,BornintoawealthyNewYorkmerchantfamilyBeganwritingfromaveryearlyageStudiedlawandledforatimethelifeofagentlemanlawyerLovedwritingmoreandwrotehisfirstbookin1809WenttoEnglandin1815totakecareoffamilybusinessbutfailedHadtowritetosupporthimselfTheSketchBookwonhiminternationalfame,HisLife

（2）,WentasdiplomaticattachetoSpainin1826andgatheredmaterialforwritingSecretaryofU.S.LegationinLondonfrom18291832ReturnedtoAm.atabout50afterbeingawayfor17yearsLivedaleisurelifeandwrotetherestofhislifeexcept4yearsasMinistertoSpainDiedin1859andunmarriedallhislife,Hiscareerandworks,1stphase:

18091832“Englishphase”2ndphase:

18321859“minorphase”,1stphase:

18091832“Englishphase”主要阶段或英国阶段,AHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynasty纽约外史（1809）TheSketchBook见闻札记（18191820）/TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.:

“RipWanWinkle”瑞普.凡.温克尔“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”睡谷的传说markedthebeginningofshortstoryasagenreinAm.literaturemarkedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticismTheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus哥仑布传（1828）AChronicleoftheConquestofGranada攻克格拉纳达（1829）TheAlhambra阿尔罕伯拉（1832）,2ndphase:

18321859“minorphase”次要阶段,LifeofGoldsmith歌德斯密传LifeofWashington华盛顿传TheCrayonMiscellany:

“ATouronthePrairies”草原游记“Astoria”阿斯托里亚“AdventuresofCaptainBonneville”博纳维尔船长历险记,HisContributiontoAmericanLiterature,HewasthefatherofAmericanliteratureHewasthefirstromanticwriter,firsttogetinternationalfame;Hemadeshortstoryasagenre;HisstoriesbasedonthelegendsofEuropeandSpaingavehisreadersaglimpseofaworldbeyondtheirownshoresHiscolorfullegendsoftheHudsonRiverValleyhelpedawakenAm.toanappreciationoftheirnationanditsnativelit.,Hisstyle,imitative,buthighlyskillful;nevershockingandabitsentimentalattimes;“Thestyleistheman”文如其人avoidedmoralizingasmuchaspossible;wrotetoamuseandentertain;goodatenvelopinghisstoriesinanatmosphere;hischaractersarevividandtrue;hiswritingwithgreathumor;,JamesFenimoreCooper（17891851）詹姆斯.费尼莫.库柏,FirstauthortowriteaboutWesternMovementHislifeHisworksHisstyleHiscontributiontoAm.Lit.AnalysisofLeatherstockingTales,Hislife,Bornintoarichland-holdingfamilyofNewJerseyWenttoYaleat14butwasexpelledinjuniorduetoimproperbehaviorSpent5yearsatseaInheritedfortuneandsettleddownBeganwritingbyaccidentWrotethirty-oddnovels（11ofsea）BestknownandrememberedbyLeatherstockingTales,Hisworks,SocialandHistoricalnovels:

SeanovelsBordernovels:

LeatherstockingTalesOtherworks,Social&Historicalnovel,TheSpy间谍（1821）Satanstoe萨坦斯托（1845）TheChainbearer持锁链者TheRedSkins红色人（1846）TheWaterWitch水巫（1830）TheTwoAdmirals两位海军上将（1842）LionelLincoln莱那尔.林肯（1825）TheBravo亡命徒（1831）TheHeadsman头人（1833）TheWaysoftheHour世风（1850）,Seanovel,ThePilot领航者TheRedRover红色的海盗（1827）AfloatandAshore海上与岸上（1844）JackTier杰克.梯耶尔（1848）TheSeaLions海狮（1849）,Otherworks,NotionsofAmerican美国人的思想HomewardBound返乡路上（1838）HomeasFound故乡风貌（1838）TheCrater火山口（1847）TheOakOpenings橡树林间空地（1848）,Hisstyle,Hiswritingispowerfulyetclumsy.Heisgoodatinventingplots.Hisstyleisdreadful,hischaracterizationwoodenandlackinginprobability,andhislanguage,hisuseofdialect,isnotauthentic.,HiscontributiontoAm.Lit.,Hewasthefirstwriterofseanovels.Hewasthefirstexcellentwriterofbordernovels.Hewasthefirstwriterofseriesnovels.Hewasthefirstromanticwriterwithrationalism.HewasthefirstwriterinAm.appreciatedbymanywritersofdifferentnationalitiesanddifferentgenerations.HewasamythicwriterandcreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodoftheAm.nation.,AnalysisofLeatherstockingTales,1）Itcontainsfiveones:

2）Coopersambivalence:

3）TheEnding4）Whoarethepioneers?

Coopersambivalence,Herealizedhisambivalence-natureandcivilization,freedomandlaw-in“ThePioneers”,TheEnding,Ofthe5tales:

threeendedinNattysdepartureforthewilderness-ThePioneers-ThePathfinder-TheDeerslayertwoendedinhisstayingwithanIndiantribe-TheLastoftheMohicans-ThePrairie,Whoarethepioneers?

-maybeNattyBumppo,-maybeJudgeTemple,-maybeboth.,LeatherstockingTales,ThePioneers（1823）TheLastoftheMohicans（1826）ThePrairie（1827）ThePathfinder（1840）TheDeerslayer（1841）,Anotherwayofmakingupthecollections,TheDeerslayer-youthTheLastoftheMohicans-middle-agematurityThePathfinder-inthelate30sandfallinloveThePioneers-oldThePrairie-dying,NewEnglandTranscendentalism,Transcendentalism超验主义FactorsinfluenceitscomingFeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalismLiteraryrepresentativesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism-,Transcendentalism,Abroad,philosophicalmovementinNewEnglandduringtheRomanticera（peakingbetween1835and1845）.Itstressedtheroleofdivinityinnatureandtheindividualsintuition,andexaltedfeelingoverreason.,Moreinformation,ThephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalismisthesummitofAmericanRomanticism.Itwas,inessence,romanticismonPuritansoil.Itwasstartedbyagroupofpeoplewhoweremembersofaninformalclub,i.e.theTranscendentalClubinNewEnglandinthe1830s.Theyexpressedtheirviews,publishedthejournal,TheDial.Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyastherecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively,orofattainingknowledgetranscendingthereachofthesenses.OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,self-reliant.TherepresentativewritersofTranscendentalismareRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau,Factorsinfluenceitscoming,foreigninfluences:

1）introductionofidealisticphilosophyfromGermanyandFrance;2）OrientalmysticismsuchasHinduismandphilosophyoftheChineseConfuciusandMencius;nativeinfluence:

AmericanPuritantradition,FeaturesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,1TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.2TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.3TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.,LiteraryrepresentativesofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,RalphWaldoEmerson（1803-1882）拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生HenryDavidThoreau（1817-1862）亨利.大卫.梭罗,RalphWaldoEmerson（1803-1882）拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生,HisLifeHisWorksHisInfluenceonAmericanliteratureCommentonhim,Commentsonhim,AfounderoftheTranscendentalmovement.Moreover,EmersonwasnotonlytheshaperofadistinctlyAmericanphilosophyembracingoptimism,individuality,andmysticism,butoneofthemostinfluentialfiguresofthenineteenthcentury.“TheAmericanScholar”,anaddressdeliveredbeforeHarvardsPhiBetaKappaSociety,attackedAmericandependenceonEuropeanthoughtandurgedthecreationofanewliteraryheritage.,Hislife,DescendantofNewEnglandclergymenExperienced“genteelpoverty”asachildWenttoHarvard,reconsiderCalvinistbelief,embracedUnitarianismBecameaUnitarianministertotheSecondchurchofBostonLefthisjobtoEuropeandbroughtbackEuropeanRomanticismFormedTranscendentalistClubanditsjournal“theDial”,becamespokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism“preach”inthelecture-roominsteadofatthepulpitTraveledaroundandspreadhistranscendental