认知语言学：框架与构式.ppt

认知语言学：框架与构式.ppt

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,第五章框架及构式Chapter5FrameandConstructions,Contents,5.1FrameandScripts框架与脚本5.2Event-frameandthewindowingofattention事件框架和开启注意力视窗5.3Language-specificframinganditsuseinnarrativetexts特定语言框架及其在叙述文本中的使用5.4ConstructionGrammar构式语法,5.1FrameandScripts,ThenotionofframewasintroducedintolinguisticsbyCharlesFillmoreinthemiddleofthe1970sbasedonhisbynowclassicexample,thecommercialeventframe.框架这一概念由CharlesFillmore于20世纪70年代中期引入的语言学，它的基础是“商务事件”框架。

AnexampleofBUY,A,D,TheFrameofBUY,MaryboughtsomebooksfromJohnfor500dollors.somebooksB（goods）,A（buyer）Mary,C（money）500dollors,D（seller）John,Frameandperspective,Theassignmentofsyntacticrolesisgovernedbythechoiceoftheverbbuy,whichisthesyntacticperspective.Thenotionofperspectivereliesontheprincipleofprominence,thatisonfigure/groundsegregation.TheBUYframeisnotjustausefultoolforthesyntacticdescriptionoftheverbbuy,butitcanalsobeappliedtotheverbssell,chargeandpay.,Thedifferenceofthefourverbsissimplyachangeofperspectivewithinthesameframe.,

（1）DavidboughtanoldshirtfromJohnfortenpounds.

（2）JohnsoldanoldshirttoDavidfortenpounds.（3）JohnchargedDavidtenpoundsforanoldshirt.（4）DavidpaidtenpoundstoJohnforanoldshirt.,ThetwoverbsbuyandpaydescribethecomercialeventfromtheBUYERsperspective,whilesellandchargeperspectivizethesituationfromtheSELLERspointofview.,Frameandperspective,Thisisafirstsignthattheframeapproachgoesbeyondthefigureandgroundapproachinthatitpaysmoreattentiontothelessprominentpartsofsentenceslikeadverbials.,Theframenotion:

differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts,thenotionofframe,anysystemoflinguisticchoices,collectionsofwords,choicesofgrammaticalrulesorlinguisticcategries,Startingoutfromthislinguisticposition,theconceptionoftheframenotionhasshiftedtowardsacognitiveinterpretation.,Theframenotion:

differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts,Everysentenceevokesacertaincognitiveperspectiveonasituationbythechoiceoftheverbandtheparticularsyntacticpatternthatitgoverns.,Thebasisforperspectiveismainlyprovidedbythecognitiveabilityofdirectingonesattention.,Thesimilaritiesbetweentwoapproaches:

thefigureandgroundapproach&theframeandattentionapproach,Theframenotion:

differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts,theprofilingofparticipantsinaninteractivenetworkassyntacticfigureandground,thenotionofperspectivizingtwoelementsofaframeassubjectandobject,TheyrelyonFillmoresearlyCaseGrammer,andsharethebeliefthatclausepatternscannotbeseeninisolationbutagainsttheircognitivebackground,Theframenotion:

differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts,Thedifferencesbetweenthetwoapproaches:

（1）Researchesworkingintheframeparadigmareinterestedinproblemsrelatedtothemeaningoftheverbsthatbelongtoaframe.

（2）Theframeapproachpresentsaunifiedviewofsyntacticpatterns,（3）thefigureandgroundapproachmainlyemphasizesthetwoprominententitiesonthelevelofclauseinthesyntacticfigureandthesyntacticground;however,theframehassomethingtosayaboutlinguisticitemsthatattractonlyasmallportionofourattentionpotential.,Examples:

5.Davidspenttenpoundsonanoldshirt.6.TheoldshirtcostDavidtenpounds.,Theframenotion:

differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts,Framescanbeconceivedasawayofdescribingthecognitivecontextwhichprovidesthebackgroundforandisassociatedwithcognitivecategories.,Theframenotion:

differentconceptionsandrelatedconcepts,Framesarejustoneofvarietyofcognitivemodelswhichalsoincludethescenarios,domainsandinteractivenetworksandthescrips.,Fromframestoscripts:

flyingonaplane,Therelevenceofframesextendsovertheboundariesofsinglesentencestomuchlargerlinguisticandcongnitiveunits.Thefollowinglittlestory:

SuecaughtaplanefromLondontoMadrid.Aftershehadfoundherseatshecheckedwhetherthelifevestwasbeneathit,butshecouldnotfindit.Sosheaskedtheflightattendanttofindoneforher.,Attention:

thetwooccurrencesofthedefinitearticlethe.,Fromframestoscripts:

flyingonaplane,Question:

Whysothetwousesofthedefinitearticlesoundcompletelynautral,althoughtheycannotbeexplainedwiththerulesofgrammaralone?

Explaination:

Weneedtomakeinferencesthatarebasedonourworldknowledgetounderstandthedefinitereferences.,Cognitivecategoriesactbothasanchorsandastriggersforframes.Frameisintheformatofcategoriesandtheirinterrelationsthatframesaredesignedanditisbythesamecategoriesthattheyareactivated.Categoriesistoprovide“defaultassignments”bysupplyingcontext-dependentprototypes.,Fromframestoscripts:

flyingonaplane,Alltheseexpectationsthatarebasedonourexperienceandstoredinourlong-termmemoryarepartoftheframe-systemandinfluenceourabilitytoproduceandunderstandthelanguagerelatedtoit.所有这些基于我们的经验并储存在长期记忆中的预期都是框架系统的组成部分，并且影响我们产生和理解与之有关的语言的能力。

Fromframestoscripts:

flyingonaplane,Fromframestoscripts:

flyingonaplane,TheFLYINGONAPLANEframehassofarbeenpresentedasifitwereamotleycollectionofcategories.Aflightexhibitsaverypredictabletemporalstructureinwhichonestageisoftenaprerequisiteforthenextstage.Viewingtheflightfromsuchasequentialperspective,wegobeyondsimpleframesandmoveintothescripts,i.e.knowledgestructuresthatareparticularlydesignedforfrequentlyrecurringeventsequences.,Fromframestoscripts:

flyingonaplane,Therestaurantscript,TheRESTAURANTscriptasdevelopedbythecomputerscientistRogerSchankandthesocialpsychologistRobertAbelson.Itcanbedividedinto4scenes:

Entering,ordering,eatingandexiting.Inentering,anumberofconditionmustbefufilled.,Orderingsceneoftherestaurantscripts,Althoughweareallfamiliarwiththeinformationstoredinscripts,whenweproduceorlistentolanguageweunconsciouslyfillinanincredibleamountofinformationtakenfromframesandscripts.eg.Johnwentintoarestaurant.Heaskedthewaitressforcoqauvin.Hepaindthebillandleft.Withoutsupplyingthisinformationwewouldcertainlynotbeabletounderstandeventhemostsimplepiecesofdiscourse.eg.Johnwentintoarestaurant.Hesawawaitress.Hegotupandwenthome.,5.2Event-framesandthewindowingofattention,Framescanprovidevaluabletoolsforthelinguisticandconceptualanalysisofsituationslikebuyingandselling,orhavingamealinarestaurant.Thenotionofframecanbeextendedtodescribemoregeneralsituations,suchaseventchainslinkedbytemporalsequencesorcausation.,Theinformationprovidedbytheframeisstillfairlyspecific.Forexample:

theeverydaypracticesofpayingbycreditcard.However,theframewouldnotbevalidatallinculturewheregoodsaretradedforothergoodsratherthansoldformoney.Therefore,framesarecognitivestructuresthatarecontext-and-culture-dependent.,Thequestionisthenotionofframe:

1）isrestrictedtocertaincontextsandculturesor2）canbeconceievedofasbeingamuchmorebasiccognitivephenomenonthatunderlinesawidevarietyofreal-worldsituationsandissharedbyallhumanbeings.Suchauniversalist-cognitivelineofresearchispursuedbyTalmyinhisinvestigationofeventtypes.,Motioneventandmotionevent-frames,TounderstandTalmysmotionevent,letsfirstreviewthesituationswithmovingobjectsmentionedinthisbook.,Grantedthatfigure/groundsegregationisauniversallyvalidprincipleofperception,thethreecomponents,FIGURE,GROUNDandPATHarecrucialforacognitivedescriptionofamotionevent.Stepfurther,MOTIONcanberegardedasafourthcomponentofmotionevent.Inadditiontotheconceptualcomponentmoving,fly,inthesentenceAballonflewoverthehouse,alsodescribesthewayorMANNERofthemovement,andthismayberegardedasthefifthcomponenttothestructureofamotionevent.,Foramotioneventtotakeplace,somethingmusthavecausedthemovingobjecttostartmovingorstayinmotion.ThisCAUSEelementcanbeaninportantfactorintheconceptualizationofmotionevent.SixcognitivecomponentsFIGURE,GROUND,PATH,MOTION,MANNERandCAUSEdefinethemotionevent-frame.,Generalizedfrommotionevent,Talmydefinesthenotionofevent-frameasthefollowing:

Asetofconceptualelementsandinterrelationshipsthat.areevokedtogetherorco-evokeeachothercanbesaidtolieewithinorconstituteanevent-frame,whiletheelementsthatareconceievedofasincidental-whetherevokedweaklyornotatall-lieoutsidetheevent-frame.（Talmy2000/I:

259）,Talmyidentifiesfivetypesofevent-frames:

motionevent-frames位移事件框架causationevent-frames致使事件框架cyclicevent-frames循环事件框架participant-interactionevent-frames参与者互动事件框架interrelationshipevent-frames相互关系事件框架,Windowingofattentioninmotionevent-frames,Aflightsituation:

On26July1909LouisBleriotflewacrosstheEnglishChannelfromLesBaraquestoDover.1909年7月26日LouisBleriot从LesBaraques到Dover飞过英吉利海峡。

Theirspecificfunctionbecomesclearerwhenweconsiderallthreespatialadverbialscontainedinthissentence.Whilethefirst（acrossthechannel）isseenasevokingthewholePATHcomponentofthemotionevent-frame,thesecondandthird（fromLesBaraquesandtoDover）areregardedasexplicitsepecificationsofthePATHcomponentdrawingattentiontoitsinitialandfinalpoints.,Thiscognitiveprocessofforgroundingcertainportionsofanevent-frameiscalledwindowingofattenionbyTalmy.Theconceptualmaterialthatmakesuppartofanevent-frameisbackgroundislabelledGapping.Pathwindowingattentionalwindowscanbepathgappingopenedandclosed,Schematicrepresentationofpositionaltypesofwindowing视