Grammar基本语法.docx
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Grammar基本语法
Grammar
1stbasicsentencepattern
Ⅰ.
Everybodylaughed.
Peoplesuffered.
Thesunsets inthewest.
Ⅱ.
Googlebecomesoneofthemostadmiredcompanies.
Ipad2looks gorgeous!
Myfaceturnedred.
Theyfallinlove.
常见系动词：
look,seem,appear,sound,feel,taste,smell,grow,get,fall（ill/asleep）,stand/sit（still）,become,turn等
Tips：
of+名词
Itisof+名词，意思等同于itis+该名词的形容词形式，是很地道的说法。
例：
Thisbookisofgreathelptome.这本书对我很有帮助。
=Thisbookisgreatlyhelpfultome.
Ⅲ.
OilhitsitshighestpricesinceSeptember2008.
PremierWenJiabaomadeareportontheworkofthegovernment.
Beijing imposedhousepurchase restriction policy.
Ⅳ.
常见动词总结：
pass,give,show,tell,lend,take（to）
buy,cook,get,sing,make（for）
Igavehimmyaddress.
Givemeyourbankcard.=>Giveyourbankcardtome.
buymeabighouse..=>Buyabighouseforme.to表示动作方向或for表示动作目标
Ⅴ.
Ifoundtheboxempty.
OnFacebook,HowtoKeepYourGroupSecret
TheTechnologyMadeMobilePaymentsaReality
Ifinditsensible【thatyouareparticipatingintheSouthStreamproject】.
常见动词：
make,keep,find,see,leave
注意：
感官动词（seehearnoticewatchfeelobserve）后跟宾补，有两种形式。
动词不定式：
某一次的，具体的；现在分词：
经常的，反复的
Ihearsomebodysingingsomewhere.
Ioftenhearhimsinginthenextroom.
2ndsimplesentence
1.主语+谓语
主语+不及物动词：
Theyaredancing.
2. 主语+系动词+表语
系动词be：
Wearestudents.
系动词为turn,get,become,look：
Thingsbecome complicated.
Theleavesareturningyellow.
3.主语+谓语+宾语
主语+及物动词+宾语：
Helovessports.
主语+不及物动词+介词/副词+宾语：
Shepicksupthecoin.
主语+动词+todo作宾语：
Iprefertotakeawalk.
主语+动词+doing作宾语：
Welikehavingaparty.
3rdcompoundsentence
句子原则1：
一个句子只能有一个谓语，谓语由动词构成。
句子原则2：
如果一个句子有多个动词，只有一个是谓语动词，其他为非谓语动词。
WhenIwokeup,Ifoundmymothersittingbesideme.
I'dliketohavethis package weighed.
句子原则3：
如果一个句子有多个谓语，那么这个句子可能是并列句或者是复合句。
如果有并列连词，就是并列句，如果没有就是复合句。
以上的原则对句子分析是很有帮助的，请熟记之。
1.转折对比
Ihopeyoudon'tmindmeasking,butwheredidyoubuythoseshoes?
Thecarisold,yetitisingoodcondition.
IdoeverysinglebitofhouseworkwhilemyhusbandBobjustdoesthedishesnowandthen.
ThewinterinBeijingisverycoldwhilethatofKunmingiswarm.
2.因果
Ididmybestnottoshowpleasure,butwhatIwasfeelingwaspurehappiness,formywordshadthepowertomakepeoplelaugh.
Theleavesofthetreesarefalling,forit'salreadyautumn.
Theshopdoesn'topenuntil11a.m.,soitlosesalotofbusiness.
3.选择
Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffeeorshallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?
I'mluckythatI'minterestedinschoolwork,otherwiseI'dgocrazy.
Sightseeingisbestdoneeitherbytourbusorbybicycles.
4.并列
Standoverthereandyou'llbeabletoseeitbetter.
NotonlyIbutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.
Theyworkedneitherfor fame norforpersonalgains.
Amanshouldhaveboth courage and wisdom.
5.其他
Itwasnotthebonesofananimalbutofahumanbeing.
Ratherthanrideonacrowdedbus,healwayspreferstorideabicycle.
Jasminewasholidayingwithherfamilyina wildlife parkwhenshewasbittenonthelegbyalion.
4thcomplexsentence（clause）
Whowillgototheconferenceisnotimportant.
Thequestioniswhetherweshallrunoutoffoodsoon.
Hismotherwholovedhimverymuchdiedin1818.
5thnominalclause
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：
that,whether,if（不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：
what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which
连接副词：
when,where,how,why
不可省略的连词：
1.介词后的连词
2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略
Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.
Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.
1.subjectclause
★that引导主语从句
①Thatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiscarwasobvious.
②Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.
③Thathewillcomeiscertain.
★it做形式主语，把从句置于句尾，此时that有时可省。
①Itwasobviousthatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiscar.
②Itmadeusveryhappythatshewaschosen.
③Itiscertainthathewillcome.
如果以that从句为主语的句子是疑问句，就只能用先行词it结构。
①Isitcertainthathewillcome?
②Isittruethathewouldtaketherisk?
★whether/if引导主语从句
Whetherhewillwinthegameisnotclear.
Whetherhewillcomeisuncertain.
Whethershecomesornotdoesn'tconcernme.
Itisnotclearwhether/ifhewillcome.
Itwasuncertainwhetherhewouldcome.
★what,who,which,whose,when,where,why,how引导主语从句
Whatweneedismoretime.
Whowasresponsiblefortheaccidentisnotyetclear.
Whosebookitisnotimportant.
Whichschoolyouwanttogomattersmuch.
Whyhedidthisisnotknown.
Whenhewillcomeisstillunknown.
Itisnotknownwhyhedidthis.
Howhesucceededisunknowntous.
Whereweshouldholdthemeetingneedstobediscussed.
★whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever引导主语从句
Whoevertoldyoutogiveupsmokingwasquiteright.
Whateverhegaveyoushouldbehandedin.
Whoevertoldyouthatwaslying.
Whoevercomesiswelcome.
专项训练：
1.______makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.
A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoeverD.Whatever
2.Itworriedherabit______herhairwasturninggrey.
A.whileB.thatC.ifD.for
3.Whenandwhyhecamehere______yet.
A.isnotknownB.arenotknownC.hasnotknownD.havenotknown
4.______isnoreasonfordismissingher.
A.BecauseshewasafewminuteslateB.Owingtoafewminuteslate
C.ThefactthatshewasafewminuteslateD.Beingafewminuteslate
5.______Tomlikedtoeatwasdifferentfrom______.
A.That…thatyouhadexpectedB.What…thatyouhadexpected
C.That…whatyouhadexpectedD.What…whatyouhadexpected
6.______wegoswimmingeveryday______usalotofgood.
A.If...doB.That...doC.If...doesD.That...does
7.It______Bobdrivesbadly.
A.thinksthatB.isthoughtwhatC.thoughtthatD.isthoughtthat
8.It'suncertain______theexperimentisworthdoing.
A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.how
9.______theboydidn'ttakemedicinemadehismotherangry.
A.ThatB.WhatC.HowD.Which
10.______wecan'tgetseemsbetterthan______wehave.
A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,thatD.That,what
2._objectclause
置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。
宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。
谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。
有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。
★that
Iknow（that）youhavemethim.
Let'ssupposethatonedaythishappenstoyou.
Idon'tthinkitwillbeverycoldtoday.
Idon'tthinkyouareright.
★if/whether
Heaskedifshewouldcome.
Idon'tknowwhethertoattendthemeeting.
★what,who,whose,which,when,where,how,why
Tellmewhatyouwant.
Hedidn'tknowwhattimeitwas.
Whosebookitisnotimportant.
Pleasetellmewhichschoolyouwanttogo.
★whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever
Pleasewritedownwhateverheissaying.
Idon'tknowwhoeverwillcome.
I'lldowhateveryouaskmeto.
★表示爱憎情感的动词，如：
enjoy,hate,love,like,dislike,don'tmind,resent,appreciate（感激）等以及某些介词结尾的短语动词如：
counton,dependon,relyon,seeto,lookforwardto,befondof,feellike,seeto等后，即使没有宾补也要先接形式宾语it，再接宾语从句。
Ilikeitwhenshesmilesatme.
Iloveitwhenyousing.
IhateitifIamspokentoloudlyinpublic.
专项训练：
1、Doyouknowhowmuchhotwater______?
A.MumisneededB.doesMumneedC.MumneedsD.didMumneed
2、Canyoutellme______?
A.whereheisB.whereisheC.heiswhereD.whatishe
3、Ididn'tknowhow______toLondon?
A.wouldtheygoB.aretheygoingC.theywouldgoD.theyaregoing
4、Iwanttoknowhowlong______.
A.hashebeenbackB.hashecomebackC.hehasbeenbackD.hehascomeback
5、Doyouknow______?
A.whatthenewsareB.whatisthenewsC.whatthenewsisD.whatarethenews
6、Hesaidhewouldhelpmewithmymathsifhe______free.
A.wasB.willbeC.wouldbeD.is
7、Hewillwritetoyouassoonashe______toShanghai.
A.getsB.isgettingC.willgetD.shallget
8、Father______musicwhenhe______young
A.liked…wasB.liked…isC.likes…wasD.likes…is
9、Ilikedsports______Iwasyoung.
A.somuchasB.somuchthatC.verymuchwhenD.verymuchbecause
10、______mothergothome,Iwastidyingmyroom.
A.AfterB.WhenC.AssoonasD.Before
3._predicativeclause
表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。
说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。
连接词有：
that,what,who,when,where,which,why。
★that在引导表语从句时无含义，不作成分，通常不省。
1）表示事实、真理等的实际内容。
Thefactisthatheislying.
Theoddsarethathewillnotdoit.
2）表示某人的意见、信念等的实际内容。
Ourbeliefisthatthingswillimprove.
Thetroubleisthatweareshortofmoney.
★whether引导表语从句（不可用if）。
HisfirstquestionwaswhetherHolmeshadarrivedyet.
Thequestioniswhetherpeoplewillbuyit.
★连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which引导的表语从句。
ThisiswhatIwant.
Thequestioniswhocanbechosentobemanagerofthecompany.
Myquestioniswhichofthemisbetter.
★连接副词when,where,why,how引导的表语从句。
Theproblemseemedhowwecouldmakehimunderstandit.
Thequestioniswhereweshouldgo.
★asif,asthough引导的表语从句（常用虚拟语气）。
Helooksasifhewereangry.
Itlooksasifit'sgoingtorain.
专项训练：
1.Thequestionis______wewillhaveoursportsmeetnextweek.
A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whether
2．Thereasonwhyhefailedis______hewastoocareless.
A.becauseB.thatC.forD.becauseof
3.Goandgetyourcoat.It's______youleftit.
A.whereB.thereC.therewhereD.wherethere
4．Theproblemis______totaketheplaceofTed
A.whocanwegetB.whatwecangetC.whowecangetD.thatwecanget
5.WhatIwanttoknowis______helikesthegiftgivenbyus.
A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.不填
6.Thereasonis______Imissedthebus.
A.thatB.whenC.whyD.what
7.Thatis______wewerelatelasttime.
A.thatB.whenC.whyD.what
8.Shelooked______sheweretenyearsyounger.
A.thatB.likeC.asD.asthough
9.--Ifellsick!
--Ithinkitis______youaredoingtoomuch.
A.whyB.whenC.whatD.because
10.Thereasonwhyhehasn’tcomeis______.
A.becausehismotherisillB.becauseofhis
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