微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细.docx
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微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释
Chapter1
businesscycle经济周期
fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproduction
economics经济学;经济，国家的经济状况
thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarce缺乏的，罕见的resources
efficiencyn.功效;效率，效能;实力，能力;[物]性能;
thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources
equalityn.同等，平等;[数]相等，等式;
thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityuniformlyamongthemembersofsociety
externality[,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]外部性
theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander旁观者;局外人;看热闹的人
incentive
somethingthatinducesapersontoact
Inflation[ɪn'fleɪʃ（ə）n]
anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy
marginalchanges
smallincremental增加的adjustmentstoaplanofaction
marketeconomy
aneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralized权力分散;人口疏散;密度分散;decisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices
marketfailure
asituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocate分配，分派;把…拨给;英[ˈæləkeɪt]resourcesefficiently
marketpower
theabilityofasingleeconomicactor（orsmallgroupofactors）tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketprices
opportunitycost
whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem
productivity
thequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachunitoflaborinput
propertyrights
theabilityofanindividualtoownandexercisecontroloverscarceresources
rationalpeople
peoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives
scarcity
thelimitednatureofsociety’sresources
Chapter2
circular-flowdiagram
avisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholds家庭;家庭，户andfirms
macroeconomics[,mækrəʊiːkə'nɒmɪks;-ek-]
thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth
microeconomics[,maɪkrəʊiːkə'nɒmɪks
thestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets
normative['nɔːmətɪv]标准的statements
claimsthatattempttoprescribe定，规定;指定，规定;美[prɪˈskraɪb]howtheworldshouldbe
positivestatements
claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis
productionpossibilitiesfrontier['frʌntɪə）
agraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology
Chapter3
absoluteadvantage
theabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducer
comparativeadvantage
theabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherproducer
exports
goodsproduceddomestically美[də'mestɪklɪ】合乎国内的andsoldabroad
imports
goodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically
opportunitycost
whatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitem
Chapter4
competitivemarket完全竞争市场
amarketwithmanybuyersandsellers['selə]tradingidentical同一的，完全相同的美[aɪˈdɛntɪkəl]productssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker
Complements互补品['kɑmpləmənt]
twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheother
demandcurve需求曲线
agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded
demandschedule需求表
atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemanded
Equilibrium[,ikwɪ'lɪbrɪəm]
均衡
asituationinwhichthemarketpricehasreachedthelevelatwhichquantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemanded
equilibriumprice均衡价格
thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemanded
equilibriumquantity
thequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumprice
inferiorgood
劣质品[ɪn'fɪərɪə]
agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemand
lawofdemand
需求原理
theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodrises
lawofsupply
供给原理
theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodrises
lawofsupplyanddemand
theclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalance
market
agroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservice
normalgood
普通商品
agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemand
quantitydemanded需求量
theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchase
quantitysupplied
theamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosell
shortage
asituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysupplied
substitutes
twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheother
supplycurve
agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied
supplyschedule
atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplied
surplus['sɜ:
pləs]
asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemanded
Chapter5
cross-priceelasticityofdemand需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgood
elasticity[,ilæ'stɪsəti]
n.
弹性;弹力;灵活性;伸缩性;
ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants
incomeelasticityofdemand需求的收入弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome
priceelasticityofdemand需求价格弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice
priceelasticityofsupply供给的价格弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice
totalrevenue（inamarket）总收入;总收益
theamountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbysellersofagood,computedasthepriceofthegoodtimesthequantitysold
Chapter6
priceceiling['siːlɪŋ]
alegalmaximum['mæksɪməm]onthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold
pricefloor
alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold
taxincidence['ɪnsɪd（ə）ns]
themannerinwhichtheburdenofataxissharedamongparticipantsinamarket
Chapter7
consumer[kən'sjuːmə]surplus
['sɜːpləs]消费者剩余
theamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminus['maɪnəs]theamountthebuyeractuallypaysforit
cost
thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagood
efficiency
thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources
equality
thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityuniformlyamongthemembersofsociety
producersurplus
theamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scostofprovidingit
welfareeconomics
thestudyofhowtheallocation美[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn]分配，配给ofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being
willingnesstopay受益者负担
themaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagood
Chapter8
Deadweightloss无谓损失又为社会净损失
thefallintotalsurplus过剩的;多余的[ˈsɜ:
rpləs]thatresultsfromamarketdistortion变形;失真[dɪˈstɔrʃən],suchasatax
Chapter9
tariff
n.
关税;关税表;价格表
ataxongoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically
worldprice
thepriceofagoodthatprevailsintheworldmarketforthatgood
Chapter10
Coasetheorem['θɪərəm]科斯定理
thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalities外在性ontheirown
correctivetax矫正税
ataxdesignedtoinduceprivatedecisionmakerstotakeaccountofthesocialcoststhatarisefromanegativeexternality
externality[,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]
n.
外形;外在性;外部事物;（经济学名词）外部效应
theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander
internalizingtheexternality内化
alteringincentives[ɪn'sɛntɪv]sothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractions
transaction[træn'zækʃən]交易costs
thecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingtoandfollowingthroughonabargain
Chapter11
clubgoods
goodsthatareexcludablebutnotrivalinconsumption
commonresources
goodsthatarerivalinconsumptionbutnotexcludable可排他的;包括在外的;
∙cost–benefitanalysis成本效益分析
astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood
excludability[ɪks,kluːdə'bɪlətɪ]排他性
thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit
freerider[释义]坐享其成，无本获利;
apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit
privategoods
goodsthatarebothexcludableandrivalinconsumption
publicgoods
goodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrivalinconsumption
rivalryinconsumption消费竞争
thepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suse
TragedyoftheCommons 公共地悲剧
aparable寓言;格言;thatillustrateswhycommonresourcesareusedmorethanisdesirablefromthestandpointofsocietyasawhole
Chapter12
ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;
theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburden
averagetaxrate
totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome
benefitsprinciple
t
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