微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细.docx
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微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细
微观经济学名词解释
Chapter5
cross-priceelasticityofdemand需求交叉弹性是需求交叉价格弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgood
elasticity[,ilæ'stɪsəti]
n.
弹性;弹力;灵活性;伸缩性;
ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminants
incomeelasticityofdemand需求的收入弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincome
priceelasticityofdemand需求价格弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice
priceelasticityofsupply供给的价格弹性
ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinprice
totalrevenue（inamarket）总收入;总收益
theamountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbysellersofagood,computedasthepriceofthegoodtimesthequantitysold
Chapter6
priceceiling['siːlɪŋ]
alegalmaximum['mæksɪməm]onthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold
pricefloor
alegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesold
taxincidence['ɪnsɪd（ə）ns]
themannerinwhichtheburdenofataxissharedamongparticipantsinamarket
Chapter7
consumer[kən'sjuːmə]surplus
['sɜːpləs]消费者剩余
theamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminus['maɪnəs]theamountthebuyeractuallypaysforit
cost
thevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagood
efficiency
thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresources
equality
thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityuniformlyamongthemembersofsociety
producersurplus
theamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scostofprovidingit
welfareeconomics
thestudyofhowtheallocation美[ˌæləˈkeɪʃn]分配，配给ofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-being
willingnesstopay受益者负担
themaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagood
Chapter8
Deadweightloss无谓损失又为社会净损失
thefallintotalsurplus过剩的;多余的[ˈsɜ:
rpləs]thatresultsfromamarketdistortion变形;失真[dɪˈstɔrʃən],suchasatax
Chapter9
tariff
n.
关税;关税表;价格表
ataxongoodsproducedabroadandsolddomestically
worldprice
thepriceofagoodthatprevailsintheworldmarketforthatgood
Chapter10
Coasetheorem['θɪərəm]科斯定理
thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalities外在性ontheirown
correctivetax矫正税
ataxdesignedtoinduceprivatedecisionmakerstotakeaccountofthesocialcoststhatarisefromanegativeexternality
externality[,ekstɜː'nælɪtɪ]
n.
外形;外在性;外部事物;（经济学名词）外部效应
theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander
internalizingtheexternality内化
alteringincentives[ɪn'sɛntɪv]sothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractions
transaction[træn'zækʃən]交易costs
thecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingtoandfollowingthroughonabargain
Chapter11
clubgoods
goodsthatareexcludablebutnotrivalinconsumption
commonresources
goodsthatarerivalinconsumptionbutnotexcludable可排他的;包括在外的;
∙cost–benefitanalysis成本效益分析
astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgood
excludability[ɪks,kluːdə'bɪlətɪ]排他性
thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingit
freerider[释义]坐享其成，无本获利;
apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforit
privategoods
goodsthatarebothexcludableandrivalinconsumption
publicgoods
goodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrivalinconsumption
rivalryinconsumption消费竞争
thepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suse
TragedyoftheCommons 公共地悲剧
aparable寓言;格言;thatillustrateswhycommonresourcesareusedmorethanisdesirablefromthestandpointofsocietyasawhole
Chapter12
ability-to-payprinciple[释义]负担能力原则，付税能力原则;
theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburden
averagetaxrate
totaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincome
benefitsprinciple
theideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservices
budgetdeficitn.预算赤字;
ashortfall亏空;缺空oftaxrevenuefromgovernmentspending
budgetsurplus预算结余
anexcessoftaxrevenueovergovernmentspending
horizontalequity纳税横向均等;
theideathattaxpayerswithsimilarabilitiestopaytaxesshouldpaythesameamount
lump-sumtax总量税
ataxthatisthesameamountforeveryperson
marginaltaxrate边际税率
theextrataxespaidonanadditionaldollarofincome
progressivetax累进税
ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayalargerfraction分数;一小部分oftheirincomethandolow-incometaxpayers
proportionaltax比例税率
ataxforwhichhigh-incomeandlow-incometaxpayerspaythesamefractionofincome
regressivetax累退税
ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayasmallerfractionoftheirincomethandolow-incometaxpayers
verticalequity纵向公平
theideathattaxpayerswithagreaterabilitytopaytaxesshouldpaylargeramounts
Chapter13
accountingprofit
totalrevenueminustotalexplicit清楚的，明确的cost
averagefixedcost
fixedcostdividedbythequantityofoutput
averagetotalcost
totalcostdividedbythequantityofoutput
averagevariablecost
variablecostdividedbythequantityofoutput
constantreturnstoscale
thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputchanges
diminishingmarginalproduct边际产量递减规律
thepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases
diseconomiesofscale规模不经济
thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreases
economicprofit
totalrevenueminustotalcost,includingbothexplicitandimplicitcosts
economiesofscale规模经济
thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreases
efficientscale最小有效规模
thequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcost
explicitcosts
inputcoststhatrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirm
fixedcosts固定成本
coststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproduced
implicitcosts隐性成本
inputcoststhatdonotrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirm
marginalcost边际成本
theincreaseintotalcostthatarisesfromanextraunitofproduction
marginalproduct
theincreaseinoutputthatarisesfromanadditionalunitofinput
productionfunction
therelationshipbetweenthequantityofinputsusedtomakeagoodandthequantityofoutputofthatgood
profit
totalrevenueminustotalcost
totalcost
themarketvalueoftheinputsafirmusesinproduction
totalrevenue（forfirm）
theamountafirmreceivesforthesaleofitsoutput
variablecosts[释义]变动成本;
coststhatvarywiththequantityofoutputproduced
Chapter14
averagerevenue
totalrevenuedividedbythequantitysold
competitivemarket
amarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetaker
marginalrevenue
thechangeintotalrevenuefromanadditionalunitsold
sunkcost沉没成本
acostthathasalreadybeencommittedandcannotberecovered
Chapter15
monopoly[mə'nɒp（ə）lɪ]
afirmthatisthesolesellerofaproductwithoutclosesubstitutes
naturalmonopolyn.垄断;专卖;垄断者;专利品;
amonopolythatarisesbecauseasinglefirmcansupplyagoodorservicetoanentiremarketatasmallercostthancouldtwoormorefirms
pricediscrimination
thebusinesspracticeofsellingthesamegoodatdifferentpricestodifferentcustomers
Chapter16
monopolisticcompetition垄断竞争市场
amarketstructureinwhichmanyfirmssellproductsthataresimilarbutnotidentical
oligopoly
求过于供的市场情况;
amarketstructureinwhichonlyafewsellersoffersimilaroridenticalproducts
Chapter17
cartel<经>卡特尔，企业联合
agroupoffirmsactinginunison['juːnɪs（ə）n]
collusion
anagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestocharge
<经>卡特尔，企业联合
astrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardlessofthestrategieschosenbytheotherplayers
gametheory
thestudyofhowpeoplebehaveinstrategicsituations
GDPdeflator[di'fleitə]GDP缩减指数
ameasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100
Nashequilibrium纳什均衡
asituationinwhicheconomicactorsinteractingwithoneanothereachchoosetheirbeststrategygiventhestrategiesthatalltheotheractorshavechosen
oligopoly[,ɑlə'gɑpəli]寡头
amarketstructureinwhichonlyafewsellersoffersimilaroridenticalproducts
prisoners’dilemma[dɪˈlemə囚徒困境”是1950年美国兰德公司提出的博弈论模型
aparticular“game”betweentwocapturedprisonersthatillustrateswhycooperationisdifficulttomaintainevenwhenitismutuallybeneficial
Chapter18
capital
theequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservices
diminishingmarginalproduct边际产量递减规律
thepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases
factorsofprodu
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