全国考研英语真题.docx
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全国考研英语真题
ectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.
JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.
Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.
TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.
Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.
Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.
1.(B)
[A]emphasize;[B]maintain;[C]modify;[D]recognize
2.(A)
[A]when;[B]lest;[C]before;[D]unless
3.(B)
[A]restored;[B]weakened;[C]established;[D]eliminated
4.(D)
[A]challenged;[B]compromised;[C]suspected;[D]accepted
5.(C)
[A]advanced;[B]caught;[C]bound;[D]founded
6.(B)
[A]resistant;[B]subject;[C]immune;[D]prone
7.(D)
[A]resorts;[B]sticks;[C]loads;[D]applies
8.(B)
[A]evade;[B]raise;[C]deny;[D]settle
9.(A)
[A]line;[B]barrier;[C]similarity;[D]conflict
10.(B)
[A]by;[B]as;[C]though;[D]towards
11.(A)
[A]so;[B]since;[C]provided;[D]though
12.(C)
[A]serve;[B]satisfy;[C]upset;[D]replace
13.(C)
[A]confirm;[B]express;[C]cultivate;[D]offer
14.(D)
[A]guarded;[B]followed;[C]studied;[D]tied
15.(A)
[A]concepts;[B]theories;[C]divisions;[D]conceptions
16.(C)
[A]excludes;[B]questions;[C]shapes;[D]controls
17.(A)
[A]dismissed;[B]released;[C]ranked;[D]distorted
18.(C)
[A]suppress;[B]exploit;[C]address;[D]ignore
19.(D)
[A]accessible;[B]amiable;[C]agreeable;[D]accountable
20.(D)
[A]byallmesns;[B]atallcosts;[C]inaword;[D]asaresult
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.
Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:
InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.
Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:
theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!
”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.
Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.
There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:
weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.
Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:
intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.
21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas(D)
[A]asupplementtothesocialcure
[B]astimulustogroupdynamics
[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress
[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors
22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould(B)
[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers
[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience
[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers
[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements
23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto(A)
[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors
[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure
[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding
[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect
24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors(C)
[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends
[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies
[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit
[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits
25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis(D)
[A]harmful
[B]desirable
[C]profound
[D]questionable
Text2
Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.
Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.
Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.
EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.
Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:
whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.
ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.
26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto(C)
[A]condemning.
[B]reaffirming.
[C]dishonoring.
[D]securing.
27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto(D)
[A]obtainpro