辩论中日关系中英.docx

辩论中日关系中英.docx

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辩论中日关系中英

中日关系辩论

enIslands'sovereigntyindisputable

TheyareaninalienablepartofChina'sterritoryaccordingtohistoricalfactsandinternationallaw;Japan'sclaimuntenable

SituatedintheEastChinaSea,dueeastofFujianprovinceandnortheastofTaiwan,theDiaoyuIslandsarethefarthesteasternislandsofChina.Theyareabout190nauticalmilesfromtheDongshanIslandofFujianprovince,90nauticalmilestothenortheastofKeelungcityofTaiwan,and78nauticalmilesfromtheYunaguniIslandoftheRyukyuIslands.TheDiaoyuIslandsrefertoagroupofislandsthatincludethemainone,DiaoyuIsland,andsomesmallerislandsandreefslikeHuangweiIsland,ChiweiIsland,BeixiaoIsland,NanxiaoIslandandthreeotherislets.Theyarescatteredinaseaareaat123degrees20minutes~124degrees45minuteseastlongitudeand25degrees44minutes~26degreesnorthlatitude,coveringatotallandareaof6.5squarekilometers.ThesurroundingwatersoftheislandshaverichfishingresourcesandhavelongbeenanimportantfishinggroundforpeopleinFujianandTaiwanofChinasinceancienttimes.Thewell-knownEmeryReportpointedtotheexistenceofabundantoilandnaturalgasresourcesonthecontinentalshelfoftheEastChinaSea.

I.TheDiaoyuIslandsareaninalienablepartofChina'sterritory.

ChinawasthefirstcountrythatdiscoveredandexploredtheDiaoyuIslandsandobtainedsovereigntybyoccupation.Sinceancienttimes,theChinesehavefished,collectedmedicinalherbsandsoughtsheltersontheseislandsandintheirsurroundingwaters.NolaterthantheMingDynasty（1368-1644）,theislandshadbeendiscovered,exploredandnamedbytheChinese.AncientChinesebooks,suchastheBookonVoyageRoutesandtheVoyagewithaTailWind,keptacompleterecordofthenavigationroutesusedbyChinesefishermeninthisseaarea.Duetothenaturalconditionsatseaandthepossessionoftechnologysuchasship-buildingatthattime,onlytheChinesemilitaryandcivilianscouldreachtheislandsduringthemonsoonseason.Theynavigatedthroughtheislandsandsoughthaventhereinstormyweather.Theycarriedouteconomicactivitiessuchasfishing,collectingherbsandpickingfruits.Foraboutfivecenturiesuntil1895,Chinahadneverbeeninterferedinitsexerciseoftheserights.

OnecannotspeakoftheDiaoyuIslandswithoutmentioningRyukyuKingdom.RyukyuKingdomwasavassalstateoftheMingandQingdynastiestowhichitpaidtributes,whilethelattersentenvoystogranthonorifictitlestothekingsinRyukyuinrecognitionoftheirrule.TheDiaoyuIslandswereonthenavigationroutefromChina'smainlandtoRyukyuKingdom.ChineseofficialsonmissiontoRyukyuallreferredtotheseislandsastheirnavigationmarks.TheyputdownintheofficialdocumentssuchastheRecordoftheMissiontoRyukyuwithdetaileddescriptionsoftheirvoyagesthroughtheDiaoyuIsland,HuangweiIslandandChiweiIslandandrepeatedlyconfirmedtheboundarybetweenChinaandRyukyu.HistoricalfactstellusthattheDiaoyuIslandsdonotfallintothedomainofRyukyu.China'shistoricalrecordsandofficialdocumentsallshowthatitwastheChinesepeoplewhofirstdiscovered,developedandutilizedtheDiaoyuIslands.Accordingtotheinternationallawofthattime,discoverymeansoccupationandoccupationmeansobtainmentofterritorialsovereignty.Therefore,ChinaobtainedsovereigntyovertheDiaoyuIslandsbyoccupation.

TheChinesegovernmentexercisedeffectiveruleandadministration,andstrengtheneditssovereigntyovertheDiaoyuIslands.SuccessiveChinesegovernmentsallincludedtheDiaoyuIslandsintotheconfinesofChina'sterritoryandexercisedsovereigntyandeffectiverulebytakingmeasurestodevelop,utilizeandadministertheislands.In1171,GeneralWangDayouguardingFujianestablishedmilitarycampsonPenghuIslandsandsentofficerstostationintheislands.TaiwananditsaffiliatedislandsincludingtheDiaoyuIslandswereunderthemilitarycommandofPenghuand,intermsofadministration,theywereunderJinjiangofQuanzhou,Fujianprovince.BoththeMingandQingdynastiesincorporatedtheDiaoyuIslandanditsaffiliatedislandsintotheirterritoryanddesignatedthemaspartofthemaritimedefenseareas.TheBookonManagingtheSea（1562,MingDynasty）andImperialMapofChineseandForeignLands（1863,QingDynasty）madecleardescriptionsaboutthearea.HistoricalfactsshowthattheChinesegovernmenthasadministeredtheDiaoyuIslandsinvariouswaysandeffectivelyexercisedandstrengtheneditssovereigntyovertheIslands.

II.Japan'sargumentsaboutitsclaimofsovereigntyovertheDiaoyuIslandsareuntenable.

TherearemainlytwolegalargumentsthatJapanhasevokedtojustifyitsoccupationoftheDiaoyuIslands:

First,occupationofso-calledterranullius,second,acquisitionbyprescription（prescriptioacquisitive）.Bothargumentsareuntenable.

Byinternationallaw,theobjectofoccupationshallbelimitedtoterranullius.Terranulliusreferstolandwhichhasneverbeensubjecttothesovereigntyofanystateoroverwhichanypriorsovereignstatehasexpresslyorimplicitlyrelinquishedsovereignty.ThefactisthatDiaoyuIslandanditsaffiliatedislandshavebeensubjecttothesovereigntyoftheChinesegovernmentasitsseadefenseareasincetheMingDynasty.TheyareaninalienablepartofChina'sterritory.Duetotheinhospitablenaturalenvironment,theseislandsarenotpermanentlyinhabitedandfishermenonlytakeupabodeontheseislandsforseasonalactivities.Buthavingnopermanentresidentsdoesnotmaketheseislandsterranullius.TheDiaoyuIslandsarenotterranullius.TheyareChina'sterritory.TheJapanesegovernmentandsocietyarewellawareofthisfact.TheofficialarchivesoftheJapanesegovernmentanddocumentsandcorrespondenceofJapaneseofficialsallrecordandgiveevidencetothis.Forexample,inthelettertoHomeMinisterAritomoYamagata,thenJapaneseForeignMinisterKaoruInouewroteinexplicittermsthattheseislandshadalreadybeengivenChinesenamesbytheQinggovernmentandthattheJapanesegovernmenthadbeenadmonishedbytheQinggovernmentforcovetingtheseislands.SincetheDiaoyuIslandsarenotterranullius,Japan'sso-calledoccupationisnon-existent.Exinjuriajusnonoritur（Alegalrightorentitlementcannotarisefromanunlawfulactoromission）isafundamentalprincipleofinternationallaw.Japan'sso-calledoccupationismalafide,illegalandunjustifiable;itthereforedoesnothavethelegaleffectaswhatmayarisefromoccupationrecognizedbyinternationallaw.

TheotherargumentthatJapanpresentsis"longandcontinuouseffectiveadministration",thatis,toobtainsovereigntyovertheDiaoyuIslandsbasedonacquisitionbyprescription（prescriptioacquisitive）.

"Acquisitionbyprescription"ofterritoryhasbeenallalonganextremelydisputableissueininternationallaw.Thoseagainstittotallydenythelegitimacyofprescriptionasawaytoobtainterritory.Theyareoftheviewthatthisis"merelyalegalargumentservingexpansionistcountriesforoccupyingothers'territories".Thoseforitseeprescriptionasawaytoobtainterritory,itisdefinedas"theacquisitionofsovereigntyoveraterritorythroughcontinuousandundisturbedexerciseofsovereigntyoverit,andduringsuchaperiodasisnecessarytocreateundertheinfluenceofhistoricaldevelopmentthegeneralconvictionthatthepresentconditionofthingsisinconformitywithinternationalorder."Internationaljudicialpracticehasneverclearlyconfirmedthestatusof"prescription"asanindependentwaytoacquireterritory.Asfortheexacttimespanofthe"periodasisnecessary",internationallawhasnofinalverdicttomakeit50yearsor100years.

Ifweputasidethelegitimacyof"acquisitionbyprescription"andmerelyexaminethekeyfactors,itisclearthatboththeChinesecentralgovernmentandtheTaiwanlocalauthorityhavebeenfirm,explicitandconsistentonissuesconcerningChina'ssovereigntyovertheDiaoyuIslandsandinopposingJapan'sattempttostealthem.Theyhavelaunchedprotests,especiallydiplomaticprotests,againstofficialandgovernment-supportedcivilianactivities,includingsettingupalighthouseontheDiaoyuIslandbyJapaneseright-wingers,"nationalizing"thelighthousebytheJapanesegovernment,payingthe"rent"forlandontheDiaoyuIslandstothoseso-callednon-governmentalowners,andsubmittingachartspecifyingtheso-calledbaselinesoftheterritorialseaoftheDiaoyuIslandstotheUnitedNationsbytheJapanesegovernment.JapancannevergainlegitimaterightsovertheDiaoyuIslandsthroughoccupationnomatterhowlongitmaylast.

III.AgreementsbetweenJapanandtheUnitedStatescannotgrantJapansovereigntyovertheDiaoyuIslands.

InthewakeofWorldWarII,theCairoDeclarationandthePotsdamProclamation,theoutcomeoftheAnti-fascistvictoryclearlydefinedtheterritoryofJapan.AccordingtotheCairoDeclarationissuedbyChina,theUSandtheUKinDecember1943,theirpurposeisthat"JapanshallbestrippedofalltheislandsinthePacificwhichshehasseizedoroccupiedsincethebeginningofWorldWarIin1914,andthatalltheterritoriesJapanhasstolenfromtheChinese"shallberestoredtoChina."Japanwillalsobeexpelledfromallotherterritorieswhichshehastakenbyviolenceandgreed".

ThePotsdamProclamationissuedin1945reaffirmedthat"thetermsoftheCairoDeclarationshallbecarriedoutandJapanesesovereigntyshallbelimitedtotheislandsofHonshu,Hokkaido,Kyushu,Shikokuandsuchminorislandsaswedetermine".OnJan29,1946,theSupremeCommanderfortheAlliedPowersIn