从合作原则看英语委婉语研究.docx

从合作原则看英语委婉语研究.docx

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从合作原则看英语委婉语研究

从合作原则看英语委婉语研究

8

[Abstrat]Therd“eupheis”esfrtheGree,eu--eans“gd”,and–phee-,“speeh”r“saing”,andtgetheriteansliterall“tspeaithgdrdsrinapleasantanner”Eupheis,asaulturalphenennasellasalinguistinept,hasattratedpeple’sattentinfralngtieIthaslngbeenatpifuhinterestGenerallspeaing,pepleuldusereeupheissinuniatingiththeppsitesex;enulduserethanenuld;lderpepleulduserethanungergeneratinsPepleuldreuseeupheissin“per”relatinsthaninlserelatinsPepleithhighereduatinuldusereeupheissTheabvefatrs:

age,sex,sialstatus,eduatin,etdntrseparatelInuniating,theareinterlaeditheahtherandguideurhiefeupheisshethertuseeupheissrtabrdsalsdepends,talargeextent,ntheattitudesfpartiipants（partiularlspeaers）andthepurpsefnversatinsTheartilensistsfsixpartsPartneexplainshattheeaningfeupheisisParttissaingtheperativePrinipleinbrieflperativePriniple,thernerstnetherfpragatis,isneftheainpriniplesthatguidepeple’suniatinTheperativePrinipleanditsaxisanexplainhattheliteraleaningisanditsrealintentininuniatinandensurethatinanexhangefnversatinPartthreepresents,thefratineupheis,nael,fralinnvatin,seantiinnvatin,rhetrialdevies,andgraatialasPartfurdisussestheuniativefuntinfeupheisissubstitutin,pliteness,disguise,defense,etPartfiveservesastheainbdfthisartileGenerallspeaing,eupheissvilatetheQualit,QuantitandanneraxifthePduetdifferentreasnsliesubstitutin,disguiseetAndbasialleupheissbservetheRelatinaxiFrtheanalsis,itanbealsfundthatsetiesaneupheisanberegardedasvilatinftaxisfthePatthesaetiePartsixnludesthehleartile

[erds]perativePriniple;Eupheis;uniativefuntin

【摘要】委婉语（eupheis）一词起于希腊语。

Eu意思是“好的”，phee意思是“话语”，因此字面上的意思是说好听的话或用礼貌的方式说话。

委婉语是一个语言学概念，同时也是一种化现象，长久以一直受到人们的关注。

总体上讲人们在与异性进行言语交际时，要比在同性面前更多地使用委婉语，女性要比男性更多地使用委婉语，年长的人要比年青的人更多地使用委婉语。

人们在“权势关系”的语境中往往要比在“亲密关系”的语境中更多地使用委婉语。

受教育程度越高的人，越注意自己的言谈，因而更多地使用委婉语。

上述因素年龄、性别、社会地位、教育等并不孤立存在，在交际中，他们交织在一起决定着委婉语的使用。

是否使用委婉语还要考虑说话者的态度和交谈的目的。

由六个部分组成。

第一部分解释了什么是委婉语。

第二部分简单列出合作原则的各项原则。

它作为语用学的理论基石之一，是指导人们语言交际的原则之一。

它可以很好地解释话语的字面意义和实际意义的关系，这对于交际委婉语显得尤为重要。

第三部分说明委婉语的构成可以有很多种方式：

形式变化，语义变化，修辞手段和语法手段。

第四部分阐述了交际委婉语出于替代、掩饰、和礼貌等功能。

第五部分是的主体，并说明委婉语出于替代、掩饰、和礼貌等原因主要违反了合作原则中的质、量和方式三个次则，基本上是遵循了合作原则中的相关原则。

第六部分总结全。

【关键字】合作原则;委婉语;交际功能

1Intrdutin

InthexfrdAdvanedLearner’sEnglish–hineseDitinartheexplanatinfEupheisis“（exaplefthe）usefpleasant,ildrindiretrdsrphrasesinplaefreauraterdiretnes”[1]AndintheLnganDitinarfnteprarEnglishtheexplanatinfEupheisis“（anexaplef）theusefapleasanter,lessdiretnaefrsethingthughttbeunpleasant”[2]Frexaple,theanhantstustallhia“sanitatinengineer”insteadfa“garbagean”ishpingeilltreathiithrerespetthanepresentld

“Therd‘eupheis’esfrtheGreeeueaning‘gd’andpheeeaning‘speeh’r‘saing’,andthuseansliterall‘tspeaithgdrdsrinapleasantanner’”[3]EupheisshavevariusreasnsfrexisteneThenealthethingspeplefearthest—death,thedead,thesupernaturalTheverupthefatsflife—fsexandreprdutinandexretin—hihinevitablreindeventhestrefinedpeplethattheareadefla,rrseThearebelvedbindividualsandinstitutins（gvernents,espeiall）thatareanxiustpresentnlthehandsestpssibleiagesftheselvesttherldAndtheareibeddedsdeeplinurlanguagethatfefus,eventhsehpridetheselvesnbeingplainspen,evergetthrughadaithutusingtheButsepeplestillistaetheeupheissinthenversatinbtheperativeprinipleVilatingtheP,peplealsanntinuethenversatinitheupheiss,hihaetheauthrinterestinattitudesfpartiipantsandthepurpsefnversatinThatisurbdtda

2Fratinfeupheiss

21Fralinnvatin

TavidtheeergenefertainletterrsundaahievetheeffetfeupheizingThefralinnvatinanhideaudi-visuallthserdsedn’tanttsareshuldn’tsasastahievebetteruteinuniatin

211Abbreviatin

AbbreviatinistheshrteningfardandabeseenintheuseftheBritishexpressinLADIESfrladies’rTherealsisGENTSfrgentleen’sr

212Appatin

AppatinisantherfrfabbreviatinapparentintheusefvapfrvapirehereeaningasedutiveanAndlavisfrlavatr;hisfrhsexual;aisfraine;braisfrbrassiere

213Initialing

Initialingistheusefarnsinsteadftheirpnentpartsasin“fr“esushrist”,Bfrbelveent”[4],“fraterlset,Bfrbddr,VDfrvenerealdisease,AIDSfraquirediunedefiiensndre,SARSfrsevereauterespiratrsndre”[]

214Bafring

Bafringisthesubstitutinfrnepartfspeeh（usedinshrtenedfr）franther,asin“burgle（rb）hihisderivedfr‘burglar’”[6]

21Redupliatin

RedupliatinistherepetitinfasllablerletterfardPartiularlninhildren’sbathrvabular,itsubstitutes“pee-peefr’piss’,p-pfr‘belveent’”[7]

216Blendrd

AblendrdisafrfphnetidistrtininhihtrrerdsaresqueezedtgetherbthrthgraphiallandphnetiallAnexaplefthisis“gezundafrahaberpt,aterderivedfrthefatthatthisbet‘gesunderthebed’”[8]

217Diinutive

Adiinutiveisthefratinfaneterbniingrshrteninganaeandaddingasuffixindiatingaffetinrsallness“Heinie,frexaple,isthediinutivef‘hindend’andreferstthebutts”[9]

22Seantiinnvatin

221Brring

stbviusl,eupheissabefredbbrringrdsfrtherlanguages—tersthatarelessfreightedithnegativeassiatinsThus,euseGreeandLatinexpressinsfranbdilpartsandfuntinsehaveinedhalitsis（badbreath）frtheLatin（halitus）fr“breath”andehavesubstitutedituritinfrtherevulgarInd-Eurpean“Piss”Inadditin,Englisheupheissalsbrredaltfsientifiraadeiters,hiharebelievedtbereeupheistiandbetivethantheusualters,suhasagnetifr“sex”andperspirefr“seat”andsn

222idening

Eupheissabeadebaseantipressalledideninghenaspeifiterbeestpainfulrvivid,eveupintheladderfabstratinInthisa,anerbeesgrthandagirdlebeesafundatinSeties,inadditintideningedividethenegativenntatinsfasinglediretterbeteentrrerdsInsteadfsaing“sphilis”penl,espeafasialdisease

223Seantishift

AlliedtthephenennfideningisthatfseantishiftThisisthesubstitutinfthehle,rasiilargeneralit,frthespeifipartednthsetdisusseareatesuhetnies（substitutinsfthehlefrthepart）asrearendfr“butts”Seties,asintheexpressins“tsleepith/gtbedithsene”[10],euserdsnaingthelargereventinplaefrepreisereferenestthesexualrelatinsthatarepartfthepress

23Rhetrialdevies

231etaphr

Eupheissabeadebapressalledetaphrialtransfer,theparisnfthingsfneindtthingsfantherTheeupheisshsenareftenrantiizing,petiizingandsfteningftheriginalrdslie“gtsleep;gthislnghe;beheandfree;restinpeae;beatrest;gtHeaven/Paradise;inne’sanestrs;begatheredtne’sfathers;intheiralsfrdie”[11],shfrrandbbing,nstrutivedestrutinfrseveredaage,havearadttravelfrhavealngtietreahanagreeentandet

232Apsipesis

InEnglish,thereisaindfrhetrialledapsipesisthatanalsatastheafeupheizinghenethineshuldntsasethingunderertainnditins,esuddenlstpashenesaseneisut（fr）;sheisexpeting（abab）;“ttaepreautins（againstpregnan）;tdepart（frthisrld）”[12]

233Analg

AnalganftenbeseeninthevabulariesfrAtendentelevateenialrunsilledbs—setiessubstitutingagrandtitlefralargesalar—anaeffalsellliearsebprtinggarbageentsanitatinengineersreventaste--redutinanagersBipliatin,thebeehighltrainedtehniiansandexeutivesHealth-lubstaffsbeefitnessrdinatrs,andsenatrsnhavetheirshesshinedbtheftearaintenaneengineer,frerltheSenatebtblaEvenifuarentagvernentffiial,uranitrisnurbuidingaintenaneengineer

234Understateent

Understateentdisplaspeple’sdesiretaetheirlanguagelesspainfulanddiretSthereisneveranuglaninthisrld,sheisatleastplainTeahersnltellparentsthattheirhildisabitslfrhisage,ntretardedAndallseniritizenfrldpersn“Taether’sthingsithutperissin”anbeinsteadf“steal”

23Periphrasis

PeriphrasisisustbeatingarundthebushPepleftensaeupheissareeaselrds,beausepepleneverallaspadeaspadehenusingeupheissFartisntpleasanttear,spepleallitindfrthebehindSeneantsutgaa,buthenlsasheillallurarriagefruSenelivingatthegvernentexpenseaaeuenvhi,butatuallheisinprisn“ansaingsabutgingtaeagdusefperiphrasislieashne’shands,pderne’snse,spendapennSdthe‘drp’fr‘adustentdnard’[13]”

24Graatialas

ArdingtBlinger,“EupheisisntrestritedtthelexinTherearegraatialasftningsethingdn”Therefre,eupheizingshuldntbeliitedtlexialas;itanalsbeahievedbgraatialas

241Tense

InEnglish,tenseanlendalittleeupheistilrttheexpressinsfrsethingundesiredEspeiallhenpepleuseant,hpe,thinandnderrrdsliethattheaalsaeusefthetensetsundreeupheistiallFrexaple,Inderedifuuldindhelpinge?

r“Inderedifuuldhelpe?

”[14]Asinghelpthisa,peplen’tfeelsebarrassediftheererefused

242Sntatialnegatin

Thisethdanlessnthepainfulipatfthelanguagethatisnteledesasheisntprett（Atuallsheisverugl）,butthatisaeptable,beausentprettdesntequalt“ugl”,ituldbe“plain”tNtpretthasaiderrangefeaningthanuglSiilarusagesareastheflling:

Idn’tthin,Iaafraid,Iantsure,Idn’tlie,et

243Firstpersnalprnuns

Theuseffirstpersnalprnunsliee,urs,us,et,analsaeurspeehessundreeupheistiuuldfeelreeledifuusederurquiteftenIfadtr