跨文化交际.docx

跨文化交际.docx

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跨文化交际

Unit1p37-73

CultureandCommunication

Whatisculture?

Whatisculture?

“文化”是一个广泛的概念，它的内涵很丰富。

在英语中“culture”一词是一个难以解释的词，它最早来源于古法语cultura拉丁语colere和德语“kultur”，原指土地的开垦及植物的栽培；后来随着人类生存空间和生存方式的改变逐渐扩延，转而意指人的身体、精神，特别是指艺术和道德能力和天赋的培养；进而泛指人类社会在征服自然和自我发展中创造的物质财富和精神财富，包括饮食、器具、舟车、房屋、社会组织、政治制度、风俗习惯、语言、学术思想等。

Numbersofdefinitionuptothepresent:

morethan500

Firstdefinition:

E.B.Tylor（1871）inPrimitiveCulture:

“thatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofasociety.”

文化是一种复合的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人们作为社会成员而获得的能力与习惯

Examplesofvariousdefinitions:

---《朗曼语言学词典》对文化做出了归纳性的解释：

文化是“社会成员的信仰、观念、风俗、行为、社会习惯等的总和。

”（1992：

81）

Examplesofvariousdefinitions

“Acultureisacollectionofbeliefs,habits,livingpatternsandbehaviorswhichareheldmoreorlessincommonbypeoplewhooccupyparticulargeographicareas.”（D.Brown,1987）

“Cultureisalearnedsetofsharedperceptionsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorsofarelativelylargegroupofpeople”（Lustig&Koester,1993）

---Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.

Defineculturefromdifferentperspectives

ØFromIntellectualPerspective

ØFromAnthropologicPerspective

ØFromSocialPerspective

ØFromPsychologicalPerspective

ØFromInterculturalCommunicationPerspective

ØFromIntellectualPerspective

AccordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureis"theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively".

Itreferstointellectualperspective,suchasmusic,art,exhibition,dance,etc.WhenyoutalkaboutPicasso,Beethoven,etc.,youaretalkingaboutculture.

exhibition

dance

ØFromAnthropologicPerspectiv（人类学的）

Cultureis"thecustoms,civilizations,andachievementsofaparticulartimeorpeople."Thisisananthropologist'sdefinition.

ØFromSocialPerspective

Cultureiswhatasocietydoesandthinks.

Culturescoverseverythingofasociety.

ØFromPsychologicalPerspective

Cultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother.

ØFromInterculturalCommunicationPerspective

Cultureisalearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.

1.2CharacteristicsofCulture

Cultureisthesocialheredityofagroupofpeople.（symbolicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration）

Cultureislearnedfromthosepeoplewithwhomoneinteractsasheorsheissocialized.

Cultureisasetofsharedperceptionsfollowedbyalargegroupofpeople.

1.2CharacteristicsofCulture

Alargepartofcultureisinvisibleandunconsciouslikeaniceberg.

Culturegovernsourbehaviorandgivepeopleguidelinesaboutwhatthingsmean,whatisimportant,andwhatshouldorshouldnotbedone.

Cultureisdynamicandchangeable.

ØCultureIsLearned

Welearnculturefrom______,____

______________,_______,_______

_____________,______________.

Ø CultureIsaSetofSharedInterpretations

Allcommunicationstakeplacebymeansof

symbols

ØCultureInvolvesBeliefs,Values,andNorms

a.Beliefs

Beliefsrefertothebasicunderstandingofagroupofpeopleaboutwhattheworldislikeorwhatistrueorfalse.

b.Values

Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardedasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.

c.Norms

Normsrefertorulesforappropriatebehavior,whichprovidetheexpectationspeoplehaveofoneanotherandofothers.

Normsinthearmy:

Salutes

Normsindifferentfields：

Normsindifferentfields：

Normsindifferentfields：

Normsindifferentfields：

Normsindifferentfields：

ØCultureAffectsBehaviors

Culturaldifferencesareevidentinvarious

waysinwhichpeopleconducttheireveryday

activities,aspeople“perform”theirculture

intheirbehavioralroutines.

ØCultureInvolvesLargeGroupsofPeople

ThreeThingsCultureDoesp46-48

Culturerankswhatisimportant

Culturefurnishesattitudes

Culturedictateshowtobehave

Culturerankswhatisimportant

Differentcultureshavetheirownvalueorientationandwhatisimportantinoneculturemaybevirtuallymeaninglesstoanother.

Culturerankswhatisimportant.Inotherwords,culturesteachvaluesorpriorities.

Valuesunderlieattitudes.Theyalsoshapebeliefs.

Withinaculture,valuesmaybeofgreaterorlesserimportance.

Culturefurnishesattitudes

Anattitudeislearned,anditisatendencytorespondthesamewaytothesameobjectorsituationoridea.

Attitudescanchange,althoughchangecanbedifficult.Attitudesarebasedonbeliefsaswellasvalues.

Beliefsareconvictionsorcertaintiesbasedonsubjectiveandoftenpersonalideasratherthanonprooforfacts.Beliefsystemsorreligionsarepowerfulsourcesofvaluesandattitudesincultures.

Culturedictateshowtobehave

Behaviorcomesdirectlyfromtheattitudesabouthowsignificantsomethingis---howitisvalued.

Attitudesvaryaccordingtohowimportantsomethingisreckonedtobe（value）.

Valuesdriveactions.

Cultureisaneutralterm,neithergoodnorbad,andreferstothebroadestconceptionaboutthelearnedknowledgethathumansusetofulfilltheirneedsandwants.

Itreferstothecollectivehistoricalpatterns,values,societalarrangements,manners,ideas,andwaysoflivingthatpeoplehaveusedtoordertheirsociety.

Itiscomprisedofallthosethingswelearnaspartofgrowingupincludinglanguage,religion,beliefsabouteconomicandsocialrelations,politicalorganizationandlegitimacy,andthethousandsof"Do’sandDon'ts"societydeemsimportantthatweknowtobecomeafunctioningmemberofthatgroup.

1.3ClassificationofCulture

Oneofthemostpopularclassificationofculture:

highculture:

philosophy,literature,finearts,music,religionetc.

popularculture:

customsandhabits,ritesandrituals,waysofliving（housing,dressing,eatinganddrinking）andallinterpersonalbehavior.

deepculture:

theconceptionofbeauty,definitionofsin,notionsofmodesty,orderingoftime,etc.

Culturaliceberg:

p.44-50

Consciousorsubconscious?

Deepculture—theout-of-awarenesspartofaculture

Nine-tenthofaniceberg/cultureisoutofsight.

Thosethatareabovethe“water”:

whattoeatandhowtoeatit;

howtokeephealthy;

howtoraisechildren;

howtoparticipateinceremonies;

howtointroduceandgreetpeople;

Thosethatarebelowthe“water”:

whatisgoodorbad;

whatisrightorwrong;

whatisbeautifulorugly;

whatiscleanordirty;

howisanindividualrelatedtoothers;

Generallyspeaking,differencesinthosethingsthatareusuallyoutsideofourconsciousawareness,i.e.theso-called“deepculture”,aremorelikelytocauseproblemsininterculturalcommunication.Thereasonisthatthispartofcultureisinternalizedinpeople’smindandthusishardtoperceived.

Summary

Cultureisnotanythingthatpeopleinagrouparebornwith,butsomethingtheylearneitherbybeingtaughtorbygrowingupinit.

Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysofeating,drinking,dressing,findingshelter,marryinganddealingwithdeath.

Ourowncultureseemsnaturaltouswhileotherculturesmaythinkitfunny,strangeorevendisgusting.However,thishasnothingtodowithrightorwrong.

Itfollowsthatthereisno“best”culturesuitableforallpeopleintheworld.Incomparingcultures,wecanhardlysaywhichcultureisdefinitelybetterthantheother,foreachculturecanbeappropriatetocertaingroupofpeoplelivinginaparticulargeographicandsocialenvironment.

Acultureshouldthereforebejudgedandinterpretedinitsowncontext.Withoutconsideringtheenvironmentinwhichpeopleofaparticularculturelive,itwouldbeimpossibleforustoreallyunderstandandappreciatewhatissignificantandmeaningfulinthatculture.

2.InstinctiveBehaviorand

CulturalBehavior

Readingonp.41

Questions:

---DoyouknowMaslow’stheory?

---Dohumanbeingsrealizealltheseneedsatthesametime?

---DopeopleallovertheworldsharethesamebasicneedsdescribedbyMaslow?

---Dopeoplerealizetheseneedsinthesameways?

---Iscultureconsciousorsubconscious?

2.1Instinctivebehavior

—innateanduniversal

2.2Culturalbehavior—learnedandtransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughtheuseofsymbols

Peopleindifferentculturessatisfytheseneedsindifferentways.

Examples:

Differentwaysofeatingp.43;

Differenceintreatingvisitors.p.38（WarmUp）

Differenceinendingthemeals.p.59（GroupWork）

CaseAnalysis

Case5p.60

Differenceintakingoffers

Toavoidinterculturalmisunderstanding,doyouthinktheChineseguideshouldhaveacceptedthefirstoffer?

Ifyouwereofferedsomethingtoeatordrink,howwouldyoubehave?

WouldyoubehavethesameastheChinesenursedid?

Whyorwhynot?

Analysis

InChina,itisoftennotpolitetoacceptafirstofferandHepingwasbeingmodest,politeandwell-behavedandhadeveryintentionofacceptingthebeeratthesecondorthirdoffer.ButhedidnotknowtheNorthAmericanruleswhichfirmlysaythatyoudonotpullalcoholicbeveragesonanyone.Apersonmaynotdrinkforreligiousreasons,hemaybeareformedalcoholic,orhemaybeallergic.

Whateverthereason,youdonotinsistonofferingalcohol.SotheAmericansdidn’tmakeasecondofferofbeertoHeping,